丘陵山區(qū)機械化——未來農機行業(yè)發(fā)展熱點之一

2018-08-21 17:46:19 來源：中國農機網原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：46568 評論

　　【中國農機網 編輯視角】 在今年8月7日召開的2018年全國農機流通工作會議上，中國農業(yè)機械流通協會副會長陳濤表示，“經濟作物、園藝作物、丘陵山區(qū)的機械化，是未來農機行業(yè)的發(fā)展熱點，行業(yè)的藍海窗口，值得行業(yè)關注。”
 
　　一直以來，在推進全國農業(yè)全程全面機械化的道路上，“先天不足”的丘陵山區(qū)一直是個“難題”。我國丘陵山區(qū)耕地面積占比超過50%，覆蓋的人口超過60%，是我國糧油糖作物及薯類、果桑茶麻、蔬菜、青飼料等特色經濟作物的重要生產基地。而貧困地區(qū)也主要分布在丘陵山區(qū)，種植作物是當地農民家庭收入的重要來源。
 
　　農業(yè)農村部農業(yè)機械化管理司司長李偉國曾表示，“可以說，丘陵山區(qū)農業(yè)發(fā)展，既對國家主要農產品供給安全有至關重要的影響，又直接關系農民脫貧致富。隨著用工難、用工貴問題的持續(xù)制約，沒有機械化支撐，丘陵山區(qū)特色作物很難產業(yè)化，很多地方特色優(yōu)勢將會逐步喪失，甚至出現產業(yè)萎縮、耕地拋荒。”
 
　　宜機化改造推動全面機械化
 
　　國家大力實施鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略，對農業(yè)農村現代化建設的投入必將顯著加大，隨著農業(yè)供給側結構性改革深入推進，丘陵山區(qū)特色農產品產業(yè)將迎來新的發(fā)展機遇。隨著農村土地確權的逐步到位，和“保持土地承包關系穩(wěn)定并長久不變，第二輪土地承包到期后再延長三十年”的提出與確立，也為土地規(guī)模經營和集中整治帶來新的機遇，農民因擔心沒明界而失地的顧慮少了，以規(guī)模經營主體、村集體為單位，集中連片進行耕地宜機化改造變得越來越可行。

　　重慶作為南方丘陵山區(qū)的典型代表，在宜機化改造方面可以說是個成功案例。重慶山地、丘陵約占區(qū)域面積的90%，可耕地面積為3300萬畝，人均耕地面積不足2畝。由于地塊小且零碎分散、坡度大、基礎設施不配套等因素，一直以來丘陵山區(qū)農機化發(fā)展進程緩慢。重慶市農委從2014年開始試點高標準農田地塊宜機化建設，效果明顯。自2015年以來，連續(xù)三年推廣，2017年，重慶市財政安排4000萬元，帶動業(yè)主投資7500萬元，對10萬余畝山地進行了宜機化改造；2018年，重慶市通過農發(fā)資金啟動近60個項目，計劃改造7萬余畝土地。截至目前，重慶共有26個區(qū)縣的100余個項目進行耕地宜機化改造，累計建設宜機化地塊10萬余畝，打通了中大型農機裝備立地的“后一公里”。改造后的耕地實現了產能、效能雙倍增的效果。
 
　　因地制宜，突破“瓶頸”
 
　　對于南方部分不適合種植糧食作物的山地地區(qū)，可適當進行果樹種植，發(fā)展果樹產業(yè)。在南方的部分山地，如浙江中部地區(qū)的土壤性狀主要是紅黃壤為主，其次是紫砂土，適宜發(fā)展各種果樹，如楊梅、柿子、桃樹、李樹、梨樹、板栗、杏、山核桃、香榧等果樹。加之近幾年植保無人機的迅速發(fā)展，也將大大節(jié)省農用勞動力，提高農業(yè)生產效率。
 
　　除此之外，對于不適宜發(fā)展果樹產業(yè)的地區(qū)可根據當地情況適當發(fā)展設施農業(yè)。設施農業(yè)作為現代農業(yè)發(fā)展的一種重要形式，是項目農業(yè)建設的有效載體，是促進農業(yè)規(guī)?；挠行緩剑瑢τ谔岣咿r業(yè)競爭能力、促進農民增收致富具有十分重要的意義。
 
　　以江西省贛州市為例，蔬菜是贛州市具有比較優(yōu)勢的傳統(tǒng)產業(yè)之一。近年來，贛州市把發(fā)展設施農業(yè)作為農業(yè)結構調整的主攻方向，近年來，贛州市把發(fā)展設施農業(yè)作為農業(yè)結構調整的主攻方向，咬定“把蔬菜打造成為產值過百億的農業(yè)支柱富民產業(yè)，把贛州打造成江南重要的蔬菜集散地”的產業(yè)定位，突出豐富市民“菜籃子”產品、建設蔬菜外銷基地、推進蔬菜產業(yè)扶貧三大任務，做出了在全市發(fā)展百萬畝設施農業(yè)的重大戰(zhàn)略決策。截至2017年底，全市設施農業(yè)面積累計達到20.37萬畝，其中日光溫室9.63萬畝、大小拱棚10.74萬畝。建成了2個萬畝設施農業(yè)示范園區(qū)和19個高標準蔬菜示范基地。帶動了當地經濟發(fā)展，做到了為農民致富增收。
 
　　結語
 
　　丘陵山區(qū)農業(yè)機械化屬于中國特色問題，同時又關乎全國整體農業(yè)機械化和農業(yè)現代化的歷史進程。當前我國平原平壩地區(qū)糧食作物關鍵環(huán)節(jié)機械化問題已經基本解決，整體轉入提質增效階段，丘陵山區(qū)機械化將是未來發(fā)展的重點。傳統(tǒng)農機產品市場競爭日趨激烈，部分產品產能過剩的情況之下，對于一些正在尋找新的突破口和增長點的農機生產企業(yè)，丘陵山區(qū)機械將是未來幾年的“藍海”。
 
 

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