500克茶葉=人工采摘60000-80000次 茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化迫在眉睫

2018-11-21 16:29:11 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：46330 評論

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】時(shí)下，立冬已有半月，正是冬茶的采制時(shí)間，這個(gè)時(shí)候氣候逐漸轉(zhuǎn)冷，冬茶新梢芽生產(chǎn)緩慢，芽葉肥壯，內(nèi)含物質(zhì)逐漸增加，所以滋味醇厚，香氣濃烈，冬茶因此而在市場上的價(jià)格普遍高昂。
 
　　凍頂烏龍的產(chǎn)地在中國臺(tái)灣鹿谷附近的凍頂山，山多霧，路陡滑，茶農(nóng)們采摘極為不易。事實(shí)上，很多茶葉的產(chǎn)地，如勐庫的茶山，都在海拔較高的山區(qū)，道路蜿蜒崎嶇，尤其是在雨季的時(shí)候，行走都困難，更別提采摘了，機(jī)械化采摘更是難上加難。
 
　　茶葉生產(chǎn)大國陷入低價(jià)競爭無序化困境
 
　　“茶之為飲，發(fā)乎神農(nóng)氏。”我國是大的茶葉生產(chǎn)國、消費(fèi)國，擁有悠久的飲茶歷史。百度發(fā)布的《2017茶行業(yè)大數(shù)據(jù)》中顯示，在中國4.7億人有喝茶習(xí)慣，與茶相關(guān)的搜索請求每天多達(dá)15萬次。我國年產(chǎn)茶約198萬噸，在茶葉產(chǎn)量中占比39.4%。
 
　　但是，我國雖然是茶葉生產(chǎn)大國，卻依然是采用傳統(tǒng)而古老的人工采茶模式。據(jù)中文互聯(lián)網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)中心相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)來源顯示，每500克茶葉的芽頭大約有60000-80000個(gè)，這也就意味著每500克茶葉的芽頭需要人工采60000-80000次，非常耗時(shí)。
 
　　如果說人工采摘不易尚還能克服的話，那么，茶葉產(chǎn)能過剩導(dǎo)致茶農(nóng)賺不了錢和大量采茶工的招收困難對于茶葉市場來說就無異于雪上加霜。茶葉市場的一度輝煌導(dǎo)致很多地區(qū)大面積無序開發(fā)種植茶葉，市場中的茶葉參差不齊，陷入低價(jià)競爭無序化困境，不少茶農(nóng)都選擇丟棄茶園尋找新出路；而采茶工難招，已經(jīng)是茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)普遍存在的問題，而且日益嚴(yán)重。為此，很多茶園都采取了多開工資和提高相關(guān)待遇的方式來吸引采茶工人，勞動(dòng)力缺乏加上用工成本的增加，使得單純勞動(dòng)力成本占據(jù)總成本的65%以上，茶農(nóng)效益低下。
 
　　在采茶工難招和采摘成本大幅上升的雙重壓力下，茶產(chǎn)業(yè)綜合競爭力和可持續(xù)發(fā)展受到嚴(yán)重制約，實(shí)現(xiàn)茶園生產(chǎn)全面全程機(jī)械化迫在眉睫。
 
　　然而......
 
　　茶葉綜合機(jī)械化作業(yè)水平低
 
　　我國的茶園大多分布在丘陵山區(qū)，地域地形復(fù)雜多樣，且種植多為散戶，因此實(shí)現(xiàn)茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化有一定難度，綜合機(jī)械化作業(yè)水平甚至不足10%，生產(chǎn)效率低下。沒有適用的機(jī)械成為制約茶葉機(jī)械化發(fā)展的主要因素，大型農(nóng)用機(jī)械無法在丘陵山區(qū)適用；行業(yè)內(nèi)一貫重視糧食作物農(nóng)用機(jī)械的研發(fā)生產(chǎn)，現(xiàn)有茶機(jī)廠多以組裝為主，自主核心技術(shù)方面比較薄弱，相關(guān)機(jī)械較少；而由于茶葉本身的文化特色和地域?qū)傩?，市場需求的多樣性?dǎo)致了茶葉機(jī)械需求的多樣性，目前還尚無法滿足茶農(nóng)多樣化、層次化需求；相關(guān)專業(yè)制造企業(yè)較少，難以形成配套能力高的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，品牌效益和規(guī)模效益都比較薄弱。
 
　　從另一個(gè)層面來說，飲茶本身就是一個(gè)享受過程，因?yàn)槿藗兇蠖鄬τ谄焚|(zhì)的追求會(huì)相對較高。一般來說通常把采摘的單芽、一芽一葉、一芽二葉稱作名優(yōu)茶，而機(jī)采出來的茶葉，大多難以達(dá)到這個(gè)要求。雖然說這幾年茶廠引進(jìn)了茶葉鮮葉分級機(jī)、色選機(jī)等機(jī)械，能夠?qū)Σ枞~進(jìn)行機(jī)械自動(dòng)分級，但其精細(xì)程度相比人工采摘仍有一定差距?？梢哉f，機(jī)械采茶做便宜的普通茶可以，但是名優(yōu)茶或許還是需要人工采摘，消費(fèi)市場的接收程度也是茶園難以大面積推廣機(jī)械化采茶的重要原因之一。
 
　　如何實(shí)現(xiàn)茶葉生產(chǎn)全面全程機(jī)械化？
 
　　在上個(gè)月，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部在湖北省宜昌市召開全國果菜茶生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化現(xiàn)場推進(jìn)會(huì)，研究部署加快推進(jìn)果菜茶生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化工作。這是農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部次召開推進(jìn)果菜茶生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化方面的工作會(huì)議，標(biāo)志著我國的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)在基本實(shí)現(xiàn)主要糧食作物機(jī)械化的背景下，繼向丘陵山區(qū)機(jī)械化發(fā)起攻勢后，又開始向果菜茶機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)發(fā)力。
 
　　隨著農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)L型趨勢的發(fā)展，部分傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品在市場中逐漸趨于飽和，部分農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)致力于尋求新的突破口和增長點(diǎn)，小眾機(jī)型逐漸受到重視。而業(yè)內(nèi)對于山區(qū)丘陵農(nóng)機(jī)化發(fā)展問題也一直不乏思考和探討，丘陵山區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化難問題進(jìn)一步得以有效解決可以說也是茶葉機(jī)械化發(fā)展另一層意義上的進(jìn)步。
 
　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、大數(shù)據(jù)、智能制造等高新技術(shù)在農(nóng)機(jī)領(lǐng)域的不斷深化應(yīng)用，為茶葉全生產(chǎn)鏈中的相關(guān)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展提供了更加可靠的技術(shù)條件。同時(shí)，近幾年來隨著茶園區(qū)域的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)地位逐漸凸顯，碧桂園、東原、恒大、魯能、中鐵、奧園、金科、融創(chuàng)、保利、財(cái)信等品牌房企相繼入駐茶園，資金的注入無異于也是對茶園發(fā)展機(jī)械化的一種支持。
 
　　編后語：筆者認(rèn)為，機(jī)采的應(yīng)用其實(shí)還是要從茶園基礎(chǔ)培育做起。茶園標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè)，平整的同排茶樹種植地塊才能更加便于機(jī)采機(jī)收。而一個(gè)適宜機(jī)采的茶園并非一朝一夕就能改造好的，同樣，適用的機(jī)械也無法一蹴而就，不妨多給這個(gè)行業(yè)一些時(shí)間。
 
　　雖然當(dāng)前我國茶葉綜合機(jī)械化作業(yè)水平較低，但隨著行業(yè)內(nèi)外對其的重視程度加大，越來越多的科研項(xiàng)目、研發(fā)平臺(tái)、人才隊(duì)伍、資金技術(shù)等都相繼投入到這個(gè)領(lǐng)域當(dāng)中，不少企業(yè)都選擇了加強(qiáng)與高等院校、科研單位、技術(shù)推廣部門的橫向合作和聯(lián)合攻關(guān)，大力研發(fā)和推廣茶機(jī)新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)、新工藝和新設(shè)備，努力打造民族品牌競爭力，爭取盡早實(shí)現(xiàn)茶葉的全面全程機(jī)械化。

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