《2019農業(yè)農村10項新裝備》之種植、農產品初加工設備新成果

2019-12-11 16:47:33 來源：農機網原創(chuàng) 閱讀量：54120 評論

　　【農機網 科技創(chuàng)新】當前，我國農業(yè)行業(yè)正處于轉型升級的關鍵時期，進一步推動農機裝備產業(yè)向高質量發(fā)展轉型，農業(yè)機械化向全程全面高質高效升級。即，從糧食作物機械化向經濟作物拓展，從種植業(yè)機械化向畜牧養(yǎng)殖業(yè)、水產養(yǎng)殖業(yè)、設施農業(yè)、農產品初加工業(yè)機械化延伸，從平原地區(qū)機械化向丘陵山區(qū)機械化進軍。
 
　　在上期文章《關注<2019農業(yè)農村10項新裝備>之養(yǎng)殖裝備新成果》中，農機網介紹了家禽、水產養(yǎng)殖領域的三款智能化裝備：雞個體生產性能信息、采集智能裝備、南極磷蝦脫殼設備以及魷魚高效節(jié)能釣捕裝備。本期將圍繞“裝備涵蓋經濟作物、農產品初加工業(yè)”相關設備展開話題。
 
　　廣適低損油菜分段/聯(lián)合收獲技術與裝備
 
　　廣適、低損、高效、高品質收獲
 
　　國家高度重視油菜生產機械化發(fā)展，2010年、2018年分別發(fā)布的《關于促進農業(yè)機械化和農機工業(yè)又好又快發(fā)展的意見》《國務院關于加快推進農業(yè)機械化和農機裝備產業(yè)轉型升級的指導意見》，都對油菜種植、收獲機化發(fā)展提出目標要求。
 
　　近年來，通過國家重點研發(fā)計劃“智能農機裝備”專項，支持油菜生產關鍵裝備和技術研究，并建設了油菜全程機械化科研基地。農業(yè)農村部在2016年還成立了油菜全程機械化專家指導組，每年均召開工作推進會，農機農藝專家協(xié)同研究提出突破瓶頸難題的方向性思路，引導機具和技術改進。
 
　　油菜機械化聯(lián)合收獲技術和油菜機械化分段收獲技術均是2019年農業(yè)主推技術。油菜機械化聯(lián)合收獲是指在油菜完熟期通過聯(lián)合收割機一次性完成切割、脫粒、清選等作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)的收獲方式，該技術收獲作業(yè)過程簡捷，高效，對田塊與規(guī)模適應性強。油菜機械化分段收獲技術則是在油菜80%成熟度時先用割曬機將油菜割倒，晾曬3～6天后用撿拾脫粒機進行撿拾、脫粒。分段收獲的籽粒含水率低，便于保存，秸稈含水率低便于粉碎還田，對高產，植株高大油菜分段收獲優(yōu)勢更加明顯。
 
　　廣適低損油菜分段/聯(lián)合收獲技術與裝備由農業(yè)農村部南京農業(yè)機械化研究所研發(fā)，創(chuàng)新分段與聯(lián)合轉換的收貨方式，創(chuàng)制1個通用底盤與4種割臺組成的成套收獲裝備，實現(xiàn)了廣適、低損、高效、高品質收獲。
 
　　全自動辣椒除柄設備
 
　　解決機械化除柄世界性難題
 
　　辣椒是世界上僅次于豆類、番茄的第3大蔬菜作物，中國作為世界上主要辣椒生產國和消費國，種植面積龐大。其中，朝天椒、長圓錐椒和線椒需要除柄處理，而這也幾乎涵蓋了需要加工的所有品類。據資料統(tǒng)計，從辣椒用途分析，辣椒產量的40%左右需要去柄處理，市場空間巨大。
 
　　目前，辣椒收獲后都是帶柄的，而在辣椒深加工過程中則多數(shù)需要去除辣椒柄。傳統(tǒng)去柄方式是靠人工用剪刀剪切完成，耗時費力、效率低下，且對操作者職業(yè)危害明顯，專業(yè)設備需求迫切。
 
　　青島璐璐農業(yè)裝備股份有限公司研發(fā)的全自動辣椒除柄設備有效解決了辣椒機械化除柄世界難題，解決了勞動力，減輕了對工人的傷害，顯著提高了辣椒干的品質。
 
　　多壟多行花生播種聯(lián)合作業(yè)裝備
 
　　一次作業(yè)完成多項農藝需求
 
　　據農業(yè)農村部消息，我國花生常年種植面積約7000萬畝，占17.6%，總產量約1650萬噸，占37%，種植面積和產量均位于世界前列。隨著我國農業(yè)供給側結構性改革的持續(xù)推進，花生種植面積預計將出現(xiàn)較大幅度的增加。目前，花生生產機械化水平還不高，特別是播種和收獲兩個環(huán)節(jié)處在較低水平。據測算，2018年花生機械化播種、收獲水平分別不到50%和40%，仍有較大的提升空間。
 
　　多壟多行花生聯(lián)合播種技術同樣是2019年農業(yè)主推技術之一，該技術可一次完成多壟多行花生精量播種和施肥等作業(yè)，具有功能多、效率高、播種精度高、播深一致、便于田間轉移等特點，解決了目前市場上花生播種機效率低、漏播率高、破損率大、出苗率低等問題。
 
　　青島農業(yè)大學自主研發(fā)的多壟多行花生播種聯(lián)合作業(yè)裝備可一次作業(yè)完成花生多壟多行覆膜種植中的筑壟、施肥、播種、覆土、噴藥、展膜、壓膜、膜上筑土、滴灌帶鋪設等農藝需求，播種效率高，工作穩(wěn)定，性能可靠。
 
　　便攜式花生加工品質速測儀
 
　　實現(xiàn)加工品質指標高通量、快速無損檢測
 
　　我國是世界上主要的花生生產、貿易及加工國，具有明顯競爭優(yōu)勢。但由于長期以來忽視原料特性與品質評價技術研究，導致花生加工專用原料品種缺乏，嚴重制約了花生加工業(yè)健康發(fā)展。
 
　　據了解，中國農科院農產品加工研究所研發(fā)的便攜式花生加工品質速測儀主要針對花生加工品質指標傳統(tǒng)化學檢測方法價格昂貴、分析速度慢，現(xiàn)有近紅外臺式機不易攜帶等問題，基于花生品質基礎數(shù)據，攻克了有效光譜提取技術難點，精準設計了單位配件和樣品杯，突破了多項技術難點，實現(xiàn)了加工品質指標高通量、快速無損檢測。
 
　　深施型液態(tài)施肥機
 
　　液態(tài)肥精準穴深施、節(jié)本增效
 
　　東北農業(yè)大學研發(fā)的深施型液態(tài)施肥機根據作物根區(qū)需肥與穴深施迫切要求，突破多項技術難點，研發(fā)了系列配套裝備，實現(xiàn)了液態(tài)肥精準穴深施和節(jié)本增效的目標。
 
　　創(chuàng)造間歇精準調控穴施技術，發(fā)明了與扎穴機構同步運轉的系列分配器，攻克了精準調控扎穴機構入土噴肥、出土停噴的技術難點；同步正反旋轉差動技術，發(fā)明系列液態(tài)肥肥路轉換器，解決了輸肥管路纏繞問題，提高了匹配穴施效率；氮磷鉀液態(tài)肥料混合排施控制系統(tǒng)，攻克了多維度空間土層液肥精準施用的難題；提出了多線路CAN肥路自動診斷技術，發(fā)明了變量施肥控制和輸肥管路堵塞無線監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，解決了變量精準施肥與肥路信息及時反饋調控的難題。

上一篇： 促進農機農藝結合、推進甘蔗生產機械化：廣西發(fā)布《糖料蔗生產寬行距機械化種植技術模式指導意見

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