《第二次全國污染源普查公報》發(fā)布，農(nóng)業(yè)污染較十年前有什么變化？

2020-06-11 17:54:56 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：49162 評論

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 6月8日，生態(tài)環(huán)境部、國家統(tǒng)計局、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部聯(lián)合發(fā)布了《第二次全國污染源普查公報》。
 
　　此前，生態(tài)環(huán)境部、國家統(tǒng)計局、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部等15個單位和部門聯(lián)合于2017年-2019年開展了第二次全國污染源普查工作。經(jīng)歷了前期準備、全面普查和總結發(fā)布三個階段，對全國有污染排放的358萬多個單位和個體經(jīng)營戶進行了全面調查，獲取了全國工業(yè)污染源、農(nóng)業(yè)污染源、生活污染源、集中式污染治理設施和移動源相關基本信息和污染物排放信息。
 
　　據(jù)悉，此次普查摸清了各類污染源的基本情況、主要污染物排放數(shù)量、污染治理情況等，建立了重點污染源檔案和污染源信息數(shù)據(jù)庫。而第一次污染源普查是10年前，我們知道，農(nóng)業(yè)領域和農(nóng)機行業(yè)在這10年間發(fā)生了巨大變化，那么農(nóng)業(yè)污染較10年前是否有改善？農(nóng)機行業(yè)又做了哪些貢獻？
 
　　根據(jù)《第二次全國污染源普查公報》，在農(nóng)業(yè)污染源方面，此次普查涉及種植業(yè)的區(qū)縣3061個，水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的區(qū)縣2843個，畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的區(qū)縣2981個，入戶調查畜禽規(guī)模養(yǎng)殖場37.88萬個。
 

　　整體來說，2017年，農(nóng)業(yè)源水污染物排放量為：化學需氧量1067.13萬噸，氨氮21.62萬噸，總氮141.49萬噸，總磷21.20萬噸。
 
　　種植業(yè)
 
　　2017年，水污染物排放(流失)量：氨氮8.30萬噸，總氮71.95萬噸，總磷7.62萬噸。
 
　　2017年，秸稈產(chǎn)生量為8.05億噸，秸稈可收集資源量6.74億噸，秸稈利用量5.85億噸。
 
　　2017年，地膜使用量141.93萬噸，多年累積殘留量118.48萬噸。
 
　　畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)
 
　　2017年，水污染物排放量：化學需氧量1000.53萬噸，氨氮11.09萬噸，總氮59.63萬噸，總磷11.97萬噸。
 
　　其中，畜禽規(guī)模養(yǎng)殖場水污染物排放量：化學需氧量604.83萬噸，氨氮7.50萬噸，總氮37.00萬噸，總磷8.04萬噸。
 
　　水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)
 
　　2017年，水污染物排放量：化學需氧量66.60萬噸，氨氮2.23萬噸，總氮9.91萬噸，總磷1.61萬噸。
 
　　與第一次普查相比，農(nóng)業(yè)領域中的污染排放量呈明顯下降趨勢，化學需氧量、總氮、總磷排放分別下降了19%、48%、25%。化肥、農(nóng)藥使用量連續(xù)三年負增長，畜禽糞污綜合利用率達到75%，秸稈綜合利用率達到85%，農(nóng)膜回收率達到80%。與此同時，這期間我國糧食產(chǎn)量從5億噸增加到6.6億噸，肉蛋奶產(chǎn)量從1.2億噸增加到1.4億噸，水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)量從3100萬噸增加到4700萬噸，糧食和重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供給充足?？梢哉f，農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展已經(jīng)從過去主要依靠拼資源拼消耗轉到可持續(xù)發(fā)展上來，初步形成了質量興農(nóng)、效益興農(nóng)、綠色興農(nóng)的新格局。
 
　　那么，這些成就是如何實現(xiàn)的？除了農(nóng)業(yè)科學技術的進步之外，農(nóng)機行業(yè)也做出了不小的貢獻：
 
　　殘膜回收機加快回收速度：2017年，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部印發(fā)《農(nóng)膜回收行動方案》，要求加快地膜回收機具的推廣應用，加大地膜回收機具補貼力度。在有條件的地區(qū)，將地膜回收作為生產(chǎn)全程機械化的必需環(huán)節(jié)，推動組建地膜回收作業(yè)專業(yè)組織，全面推進機械化回收。加強地膜回收機具研發(fā)和技術集成，推動形成區(qū)域地膜機械化撿拾綜合解決方案。
 
　　2017年，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部在甘肅、新疆、內蒙古3個重點用膜區(qū)，選擇100個覆膜面積10萬畝以上的縣，建立以舊換新、經(jīng)營主體上交、專業(yè)化組織回收、加工企業(yè)回收等多種方式的回收利用機制，整縣推進，形成技術可推廣、運營可持續(xù)、政策可落地、機制可復制的示范樣板。同時，中央財政安排10億元，支持河北等省開展旱作農(nóng)業(yè)技術推廣工作，要求各有關省份加強殘膜回收，積極探索殘膜污染防治方法，推行先回收利用后補助政策，杜絕超薄地膜進入農(nóng)資市場。
 
　　高效植保機械提高化肥農(nóng)藥利用率：2015年以來，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部按照中央部署，深入開展化肥農(nóng)藥零增長行動，推進化肥農(nóng)藥減量增效，取得明顯成效。經(jīng)科學測算，2019年我國水稻、玉米、小麥三大糧食作物化肥利用率為39.2%，比2017年提高1.4個百分點，比2015年提高4個百分點；農(nóng)藥利用率為39.8%，比2017年提高1.0個百分點，比2015年提高3.2個百分點。
 
　　化肥農(nóng)藥利用率穩(wěn)步提高，是多項技術、多個因素聚合的結果。其中，高效植保機械(如植保無人機等)在其中發(fā)揮了重要作用。
 
　　秸稈機械促進秸稈綜合利用：原農(nóng)業(yè)部辦公廳、財政部辦公廳印發(fā)《關于開展農(nóng)作物秸稈綜合利用試點 促進耕地質量提升工作的通知》要求堅持農(nóng)用為主推進秸稈綜合利用，各地要因地制宜制定秸稈還田規(guī)范，對秸稈綜合利用亟需的農(nóng)機裝備應補盡補，促進種養(yǎng)結合，推動秸稈機械化還田、生物腐熟還田、養(yǎng)畜過腹還田，進一步提高肥料化、飼料化綜合利用率。因地制宜發(fā)展以秸稈為原料的農(nóng)村沼氣集中供氣工程、秸稈成型燃料、秸稈食用菌種植等能源化、燃料化和基料化利用工作。
 
　　而在過去的幾年間，秸稈打捆機、秸稈收獲機、秸稈粉碎還田機等秸稈類機械的市場占有量逐年擴大。有需求便有市場，可以說秸稈機械極大促進了秸稈綜合利用進程，同時也為減少農(nóng)業(yè)源污染做出了貢獻。

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