秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范工作在遼寧扎實(shí)推進(jìn)

2020-07-16 09:05:32 來源：總站糧作機(jī)械處 閱讀量：15793 評論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 為配合東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作行動計(jì)劃實(shí)施，2020年農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械試驗(yàn)鑒定總站、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)開發(fā)推廣總站(以下簡稱總站)聯(lián)合遼寧省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地建設(shè)工程中心 、開原市一產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展服務(wù)中心、開原市慶云堡鎮(zhèn)豐產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)專業(yè)合作社在遼寧省開原市開展秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范工作。
 
　　遼寧省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地建設(shè)工程中心按照總站《關(guān)于開展2020年糧作機(jī)械化技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范工作的通知》《秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范工作方案》，成立項(xiàng)目組，進(jìn)行了部署和安排,明確了工作目標(biāo)、工作措施和工作責(zé)任,做到工作到位,責(zé)任到人,確保各項(xiàng)工作任務(wù)落到實(shí)處。制定試驗(yàn)對比模式，選定對比機(jī)械，對三種不同企業(yè)的不同型號免耕播種機(jī)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的作業(yè)對比試驗(yàn)，并邀請中國科學(xué)院沈陽應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所對示范區(qū)進(jìn)行了專業(yè)的土壤檢測。
 
　　項(xiàng)目組結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)胤N植習(xí)慣與自然狀況，確定了以秸稈全量覆蓋還田免耕播種為主推技術(shù)模式的技術(shù)路線及對比試驗(yàn)和技術(shù)監(jiān)測內(nèi)容。以三臺播種機(jī)在示范區(qū)確立五種作業(yè)模式進(jìn)行作業(yè)對比試驗(yàn)。
 
　　1.常規(guī)等行距旋耕起壟模式：玉米機(jī)收秸稈離田→旋耕起壟→精量播種
 
　　2.秸稈全量還田免耕播種模式：玉米機(jī)收秸稈粉碎全量還田→秸稈覆蓋越冬→免耕播種
 
　　3.秸稈部分還田免耕播種模式：玉米機(jī)收秸稈離田部分還田→部分秸稈覆蓋越冬→免耕播種
 
　　4.秸稈全量還田集行免耕模式：玉米機(jī)收秸稈粉碎全量還田→秸稈集行處理→寬窄行免耕播種
 
　　5.秸稈全量還田條耕模式：玉米機(jī)收秸稈粉碎全量還田→條帶旋耕→少耕播種
 
　　項(xiàng)目組先后在播種期、苗期和拔節(jié)期到項(xiàng)目示范基地，對不同模式的作物按要求進(jìn)行查驗(yàn)、檢測，并做了詳細(xì)記錄與對比。苗期對出苗率和作物長勢進(jìn)行檢測，做了數(shù)據(jù)對比?，F(xiàn)場講解作物長勢與出苗率的檢測方法，指導(dǎo)并協(xié)助縣級技術(shù)人員及合作社成員進(jìn)行了田間檢測。邀請中國科學(xué)院沈陽應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所對示范區(qū)進(jìn)行了專業(yè)的土壤檢測，對土壤容重、含水率、氮磷鉀有機(jī)質(zhì)含量等做了檢測，并作出數(shù)據(jù)對比分析。示范區(qū)采用無人機(jī)打藥，進(jìn)行苗后除草和病蟲害防治作業(yè)。
 
　　試驗(yàn)跟蹤調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)個別地塊出現(xiàn)缺苗現(xiàn)象，挖開播種帶查驗(yàn)分析，主要原因?yàn)?播種機(jī)排種調(diào)節(jié)問題；冬季風(fēng)吹等造成秸稈堆積或厚薄不均等情況，種子無法入土；全量還田秸稈量過大且不夠細(xì)碎，播種時秸稈被塞入播種帶，阻礙種子接觸土壤；播種后其它原因使秸稈覆蓋過厚，種芽無法拱出。解決方法：適當(dāng)進(jìn)行人工調(diào)整覆蓋地表的秸稈厚度，在不動土的情況下，也可對地表秸稈進(jìn)行二次粉碎處理，確保免耕播種機(jī)正常作業(yè)。

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