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國(guó)內(nèi)外無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r

2020-08-05 09:24:28 來(lái)源:農(nóng)機(jī)化司 閱讀量:22980 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)機(jī)化司與農(nóng)機(jī)鑒定總站、推廣總站圍繞無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)開(kāi)展專(zhuān)題調(diào)研,形成了《國(guó)內(nèi)外無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r》,現(xiàn)予刊發(fā),供各地參考。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 市場(chǎng)行情】 編者按:無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)將機(jī)械化與信息化技術(shù)深度融合,以全過(guò)程智能化管理、精準(zhǔn)化作業(yè)為核心,通過(guò)大數(shù)據(jù)指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)運(yùn)行,不斷提高土水肥種藥及人力資源利用效率,是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向。農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)機(jī)化司與農(nóng)機(jī)鑒定總站、推廣總站圍繞無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)開(kāi)展專(zhuān)題調(diào)研,形成了《國(guó)內(nèi)外無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r》,現(xiàn)予刊發(fā),供各地參考。
 
  國(guó)內(nèi)外無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r
 
  近年來(lái),數(shù)字化、自動(dòng)化、智能化技術(shù)在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用步伐加快,機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)與信息化技術(shù)深度融合,初步形成了無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)概念,引發(fā)社會(huì)廣泛關(guān)注。無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)包括生產(chǎn)信息采集設(shè)施、生產(chǎn)作業(yè)裝備和生產(chǎn)管理平臺(tái)等三大組成部分,以全過(guò)程智能化管理、精準(zhǔn)化作業(yè)為核心,通過(guò)大數(shù)據(jù)指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)運(yùn)行,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)節(jié)本、高效、精準(zhǔn)、綠色,形成類(lèi)似于無(wú)人工廠的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式,是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向。總體上看,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)研發(fā)起步早,在一些領(lǐng)域和環(huán)節(jié)雖有推廣,但應(yīng)用還不廣泛。我國(guó)在這方面起步較晚,發(fā)展速度較快。
 
  一、無(wú)人化大田種植:大田種植作業(yè)工況條件復(fù)雜,實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)人化作業(yè)難度較大。北美、西歐具備基礎(chǔ)但需求不緊迫,日韓處于萌芽階段,我國(guó)正逐步興起。
 
  北美、西歐、澳洲等地發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已經(jīng)開(kāi)始應(yīng)用自動(dòng)化裝備開(kāi)展農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),具備了較為廣泛的技術(shù)和裝備基礎(chǔ),但對(duì)發(fā)展無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)還沒(méi)有明顯需求。美國(guó)大中型農(nóng)場(chǎng)都應(yīng)用自動(dòng)導(dǎo)航駕駛系統(tǒng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)拖拉機(jī)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)等自動(dòng)化作業(yè),預(yù)計(jì)2019年美國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)自動(dòng)導(dǎo)航駕駛系統(tǒng)普及率將達(dá)到90%。在產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新方面,約翰迪爾、凱斯紐荷蘭在2016年分別都推出了無(wú)人化概念拖拉機(jī)及配套農(nóng)具,這種拖拉機(jī)配備多方位感應(yīng)和探測(cè)裝置,能夠偵測(cè)并避開(kāi)障礙物,具備遠(yuǎn)程配置、監(jiān)測(cè)及操作功能,在生產(chǎn)平臺(tái)的管理和調(diào)度下可實(shí)現(xiàn)全天候無(wú)人作業(yè),不過(guò)目前并未商業(yè)化應(yīng)用。
 
  日本、韓國(guó)等生產(chǎn)規(guī)模較小的國(guó)家和地區(qū),農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)受勞動(dòng)力因素制約,剛開(kāi)始推廣應(yīng)用自動(dòng)化農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品,無(wú)人化農(nóng)機(jī)裝備尚處萌芽階段。日本主要農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)基于“1個(gè)機(jī)手、2臺(tái)機(jī)器”設(shè)想,推出了帶有高精度衛(wèi)星定位導(dǎo)航功能和遙控功能的自動(dòng)化農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品。2018年6月以來(lái),久保田公司先后上市了帶有自動(dòng)駕駛功能的水稻收獲機(jī)、拖拉機(jī),以減輕機(jī)手長(zhǎng)時(shí)間作業(yè)體力負(fù)擔(dān)、提高農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)精度。井關(guān)、洋馬等企業(yè)也在計(jì)劃上市類(lèi)似產(chǎn)品,擴(kuò)大相關(guān)技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用規(guī)模。
 
  我國(guó)大田種植自動(dòng)化農(nóng)機(jī)裝備在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、制造水平和產(chǎn)品可靠性等方面與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家有一定的差距,在裝備質(zhì)量、機(jī)具種類(lèi)、智能化水平上發(fā)展升級(jí)趨勢(shì)加快??傮w來(lái)看,我國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)自動(dòng)導(dǎo)航駕駛系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在大田種植中開(kāi)始規(guī)?;茝V應(yīng)用,裝配方式由購(gòu)買(mǎi)后自行加裝向出廠前標(biāo)配發(fā)展,受技術(shù)成熟度、決策模型精度、機(jī)具質(zhì)量和使用成本等方面制約,我國(guó)自動(dòng)化農(nóng)機(jī)正處于單機(jī)自動(dòng)化作業(yè)向多機(jī)協(xié)同智能化作業(yè)發(fā)展的階段,無(wú)人化農(nóng)機(jī)應(yīng)用逐漸興起。
 
  近兩年,我國(guó)無(wú)人化農(nóng)機(jī)創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品相繼面市。“東方紅”“歐豹”無(wú)人駕駛拖拉機(jī)、“谷神”無(wú)人駕駛聯(lián)合收割機(jī)已開(kāi)展試驗(yàn)和作業(yè)示范,還實(shí)現(xiàn)了收割機(jī)與運(yùn)糧車(chē)的主從導(dǎo)航無(wú)人駕駛;“豐疆”高速無(wú)人駕駛插秧機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)了水田原地掉頭對(duì)行、秧盤(pán)自動(dòng)提升等功能,已在多地投入水稻插秧生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐。黑龍江、新疆、江蘇、山東等多個(gè)糧棉主產(chǎn)省份相繼開(kāi)展了全過(guò)程無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)試驗(yàn)。以新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)為例,其數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)試點(diǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)形成了棉花耕、種、管、收全程數(shù)字化生產(chǎn)管理模式,應(yīng)用農(nóng)機(jī)自動(dòng)駕駛裝備和無(wú)人化農(nóng)機(jī)取得了顯著效果,降低了農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)駕駛難度和勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,提升了作業(yè)效率,即使是新手駕駛員也能和老機(jī)手一樣作業(yè)又快又好。當(dāng)?shù)孛藁ǚN植全部使用衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航自動(dòng)駕駛技術(shù),在夜間或能見(jiàn)度較差的天氣作業(yè)也可做到準(zhǔn)確對(duì)行,整個(gè)作業(yè)季每臺(tái)機(jī)具較手動(dòng)駕駛平均多播種1000畝,原先人工駕駛播種10行的地塊采用自動(dòng)駕駛可播種11行,土地利用率可提高0.5%—2.5%,棉花精準(zhǔn)施肥能夠節(jié)肥15%、單產(chǎn)增加5%左右。
 
  值得注意的是,在無(wú)人化大田種植領(lǐng)域,我國(guó)植保無(wú)人飛機(jī)發(fā)展受到世界關(guān)注。近年來(lái),農(nóng)用無(wú)人飛機(jī)應(yīng)用普及較快,可搭載植保、影像獲取、播種等多種裝置完成不同作業(yè),主要應(yīng)用在農(nóng)業(yè)航空植保領(lǐng)域。上,美國(guó)、日本的航空植保技術(shù)較為發(fā)達(dá)。日本應(yīng)用油動(dòng)單旋翼機(jī)型較早,在作業(yè)管理、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)等方面處于。美國(guó)農(nóng)用飛機(jī)以有人駕駛固定翼飛機(jī)為主,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)高效作業(yè),無(wú)人飛機(jī)方面研究也比較多,但受安全限制在農(nóng)業(yè)植保中鮮有應(yīng)用。
 
  我國(guó)植保無(wú)人飛機(jī)在裝備總量、作業(yè)面積上已經(jīng)發(fā)展到第一,還在不斷發(fā)展,飛控技術(shù)世界,但在噴施藥裝備和專(zhuān)用藥劑的研究方面還需加強(qiáng)。目前全國(guó)植保無(wú)人飛機(jī)保有量超過(guò)4萬(wàn)臺(tái),2019年作業(yè)面積達(dá)1.3億畝,大疆、極飛等品牌的電動(dòng)多旋翼機(jī)型能夠精準(zhǔn)導(dǎo)航、主動(dòng)避障、定量施藥,已經(jīng)能夠相對(duì)穩(wěn)定、安全開(kāi)展規(guī)?;鳂I(yè)服務(wù)。
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