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農業(yè)農村部棉花生產全程機械化專家指導組在湖南調研

2022-07-25 09:37:52 來源：農業(yè)農村部農業(yè)機械化總站經作機械處 閱讀量：16353 評論

導讀：今年中央一號文件明確提出提升農機裝備研發(fā)應用水平，開展農機研發(fā)制造推廣應用一體化試點，國產采棉機也列入了重點省份扶持重點。

　　【農機網 熱點關注】7月20日至21日，農業(yè)農村部農作物生產全程機械化專家指導組棉花專業(yè)組全體成員、國家棉花產業(yè)技術體系崗位專家,在中國工程院院士、石河子大學陳學庚教授的帶領下，在湖南長沙、常德開展了國產采棉機與長江流域棉花生產機械化調研指導。農業(yè)農村部農業(yè)機械化總站經作機械處處長、農業(yè)農村部農作物生產全程機械化專家指導組副秘書長吳傳云，湖南省農業(yè)農村廳種植業(yè)處丁偉平二級調研員，湖南省農機事務中心王洪明二級巡視員等參加了調研工作。
 
　　調研組一行參觀了鐵建重工生產園區(qū)、遠程視頻觀看了鐵建重工新疆公司、考察了湖南省棉花科學研究所、實地查看了棉花品種選育、肥效對比試驗、棉田智慧管理、播種機研制等情況，聽取了鐵建重工采棉機研發(fā)制造情況匯報、湖南省棉花科學研究所工作情況匯報、湖南大學棉花病蟲智能感知系統(tǒng)研發(fā)情況匯報。調研組分別與鐵建重工和湖南省棉花生產的管理部門、推廣機構、科研單位進行了座談交流。陳學庚院士做了《農機農藝融合促進棉花全程機械化發(fā)展》的專題報告，并對國產采棉機和長江流域機采棉發(fā)展提出了重要建議。
 
院士、專家組與鐵建重工領導層進行座談
 
院士、專家組與湖南棉花生產管理部門、推廣機構、科研單位進行座談
 
院士、專家組調研湖南省棉花科學研究所
 
院士、專家組觀摩棉花試驗田
 
遠程視頻觀看鐵建重工新疆公司采棉機生產情況
 
　　從調研交流情況來看，一是國產采棉機已形成了替代進口的趨勢。鐵建重工作為“國之重器”的央企，將領先世界的掘進機、隧道裝備、軌道系統(tǒng)三大成熟產業(yè)的制造能力用于高端農機裝備研發(fā)生產，已經推出了4MZ-4型箱式采棉機、4MZ-6型自式式采棉機、4MZD-3采棉打包機、4MZD-6采棉打包機等采棉機系列產品，針對南方粘重土壤、小田塊、多雨水、寬行距種植習慣，還將開發(fā)小型采棉機，為湖南穩(wěn)定100萬畝棉田提供裝備支撐。國內其他企業(yè)包括缽施然、天鵝棉機、江蘇沃得等也在采棉打包機上實現(xiàn)了量產，機具作業(yè)性能滿足生產要求，可靠性穩(wěn)步提升。今年中央一號文件明確提出提升農機裝備研發(fā)應用水平，開展農機研發(fā)制造推廣應用一體化試點，國產采棉機也列入了重點省份扶持重點。
 
　　二是新疆成功的機采棉全程機械化生產模式在長江流域可借鑒可推廣。從2018年起，在陳學庚院士的倡議下，農業(yè)農村部農業(yè)機械化總站(原農業(yè)農村部農業(yè)機械化技術開發(fā)推廣總站)組織農業(yè)農村部棉花生產全程機械化推進專家指導組，在當?shù)剞r業(yè)農村部門的大力支持下，在各級農機推廣機構的努力下，在國家棉花產業(yè)技術體系崗位專家?guī)椭?，在黃河流域傳統(tǒng)植棉大省河北省、山東省開展了棉花生產全程機械化示范基地建設，按照高標準整地、等行距種植、農機農藝融合、全過程株形塑造、機械采收的全程機械化生產模式，通過4年時間，在5個縣建立了11個示范點，示范面積達到7700畝，輻射面積達到71萬畝，種植密度達到8000株/畝，收獲株數(shù)達到6500株/畝，畝產籽棉達到400公斤/畝以上，用工成本大大降低，棉花生產效益和質量連年提高，已形成了一批自發(fā)采用機采棉種植方式的植棉大戶和棉花生產合作社。借鑒黃河流域機采棉試驗示范基地建設經驗，裝備供給到位、農藝措施到位、產學研推用相結合，長江流域植棉區(qū)開展機采棉全程機械化生產模式試驗示范正當其時。
 
　　三是黃河流域、長江流域急需恢復棉花產能，保障國內棉花供給安全。2021年我國棉花產量約為595萬噸，總需求780萬噸，年度缺口185萬噸。自2009年以來，我國棉花種植面積連續(xù)13年下降，其中，2021年長江流域棉區(qū)播種面積為348.1萬畝，比上年減少了77.5萬畝，下降18.2%；黃河流域棉區(qū)播種面積為399.2萬畝，比上年減少137.7萬畝，下降25.7%。目前，新疆棉區(qū)播種面積3759.1萬畝，產量512萬噸，貢獻了全國86%產量的棉花，急需穩(wěn)定和提升黃河流域和長江流域棉花生產能力，確保國內棉花穩(wěn)產保供。
 
　　此次調研工作取得了預期效果，院士、部專家組和國家產業(yè)技術體系對國產采棉機研發(fā)制造情況有了進一步了解，對長江流域棉花生產情況有了較為全面的認識，同時也加強了我國不同棉區(qū)棉花生產機械化情況交流，為以湖南為代表的長江流域棉區(qū)發(fā)展機采棉提供了可借鑒的思路。
 
　　下一步，農業(yè)農村部農業(yè)機械化總站將組織農業(yè)農村部棉花生產全程機械化專家組、全國農機鑒定推廣系統(tǒng)，聯(lián)合國家棉花產業(yè)技術體系崗位專家、有關科研單位和生產企業(yè)，在農業(yè)農村部農業(yè)機械化管理司總體部署下，繼續(xù)在三個方面不懈努力。
 
　　一方面，推動國產采棉機制造企業(yè)產品質量提升和生產技術改進。發(fā)揮全國農機鑒定和推廣系統(tǒng)體系、人才和技術優(yōu)勢，為企業(yè)提供不同棉區(qū)的檢測鑒定、田間試驗、生產考核驗證服務，讓國產機具在田野里、在作業(yè)中、在機手手上充分試、充分練，加快熟化。
 
　　另一方面，繼續(xù)推進黃河流域機采棉發(fā)展，探索實現(xiàn)長江流域棉花生產機械化。按照陳學庚院士和專家組的建議，堅持高產讓農民有收益、優(yōu)質讓棉花賣個好價錢的原則，牢牢把住以收定種，機械化、標準化種植是關鍵，農機農藝融合是核心，平整土地是前提，耕種管收系統(tǒng)推進的機采棉發(fā)展思路，充分挖掘不同棉區(qū)優(yōu)勢和潛力，多種措施克服和突破不利條件，打造棉花生產全程機械化示范基地，加快機采棉在南疆、黃河流域、長江流域的推廣應用。
 
　　再一方面，加快最新技術與科研成果在棉花生產全程機械化上的應用。機采棉是一項系統(tǒng)工程，從品種、栽培、管理、采收、加工等全鏈條宜機化推進，做到株高降下來、密度增上去、產量明顯提升、品質有保證，需要將最新的育種技術、化控技術、病蟲草害防治技術、激光平地技術、自動導航技術、在線監(jiān)測技術、采收打包技術、可追溯技術等科研成果及時轉化應用,實現(xiàn)我國機采棉高質高效發(fā)展。

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