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2022年山西省冬小麥秋播技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2022-10-06 08:36:40 來源:山西省農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:14968 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:為切實(shí)做好今年小麥秋播工作,提出如下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】確保冬小麥種足種滿種好,是踐行黨中央“谷物基本自給、口糧絕對(duì)安全”糧食安全戰(zhàn)略、落實(shí)省委省政府穩(wěn)糧保供部署的重要舉措。為切實(shí)做好今年小麥秋播工作,提出如下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
  一、科學(xué)選種用種
 
  我省立地條件復(fù)雜,生態(tài)類型多樣,小麥品種選擇應(yīng)以穩(wěn)產(chǎn)抗逆高產(chǎn)品種為主,積極發(fā)展優(yōu)質(zhì)中強(qiáng)筋品種,杜絕盲目引種、盲目用種。
 
  (一)確保供種質(zhì)量數(shù)量。要嚴(yán)把小麥種子質(zhì)量關(guān),避免不合格種子流入我省,確保上市種子無淋雨、無破損、籽粒飽滿均勻,純度≥99.0%、凈度≥99.0%、發(fā)芽率≥85.0%。
 
  (二)防止跨區(qū)用種,避免遭受凍害損失。我省倒春寒天氣常發(fā),要避免選用春性較強(qiáng)的品種越區(qū)種植。南部麥區(qū)應(yīng)選擇春季發(fā)育平衡、抗寒、抗倒高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的冬性、半冬性品種;中部麥區(qū)應(yīng)選擇抗凍能力和抗倒伏能力強(qiáng)的高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)冬性、強(qiáng)冬性品種;旱作麥區(qū)應(yīng)選擇節(jié)水性好、耐旱性強(qiáng)、抗逆穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性好的品種,杜絕旱地種植水地品種,防止受旱造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。
 
  (三)選用優(yōu)質(zhì)品種。南部冬麥區(qū)水地中筋品種推薦選用晉麥100、山農(nóng)22、品育8012、濟(jì)麥22、魯原502、鑫麥296、煙農(nóng)1212和良星68等,中強(qiáng)筋、強(qiáng)筋品種推薦選用濟(jì)麥23、濟(jì)麥44、晉麥95、石優(yōu)20、石4366、煙農(nóng)999、煙農(nóng)21、師欒02-1和藁優(yōu)2018等;旱地中筋品種推薦選用臨豐3號(hào)、運(yùn)旱20410、金麥919和長(zhǎng)8744等,中強(qiáng)筋、強(qiáng)筋品種推薦選用晉麥92、晉麥101、品育8161、運(yùn)旱618、運(yùn)旱139-1、運(yùn)旱805和運(yùn)旱115等。中部晚熟麥區(qū),水地推薦選用京冬22、長(zhǎng)麥251、太412和中麥175等;旱地推薦選用長(zhǎng)6878、長(zhǎng)6359、長(zhǎng)6990和澤麥3號(hào)等。
 
  二、加強(qiáng)播前處理
 
  種子包衣、播前拌種或土壤處理等播前處理措施是防治土傳、種傳病害,地下害蟲、穗前蚜蟲,特別是小麥苗期病蟲害的關(guān)鍵措施。要切實(shí)加強(qiáng)種子播前處理,做到病蟲害防治關(guān)口前移,杜絕“白籽”下種。
 
  (一)種子包衣。播前選用27%苯醚·咯·噻蟲懸浮種衣劑20~40毫升兌水180毫升包衣10公斤麥種,或31.9%戊唑·吡蟲啉懸浮種衣劑40毫升兌水200毫升包衣10公斤麥種,或45%烯肟·苯·噻蟲懸浮種衣劑50克兌水150毫升包衣10公斤麥種。注意藥劑包衣要均勻,播種前1周內(nèi)包衣、陰干。
 
  (二)藥劑拌種。對(duì)于根部病害發(fā)生較重麥田,可選用2.5%咯菌腈懸浮劑、12.5%硅噻菌胺懸浮劑、25%滅菌唑懸浮劑、6%戊唑醇懸浮種衣劑或3%苯醚甲環(huán)唑種衣劑進(jìn)行拌種;地下害蟲發(fā)生較重麥田,可選用40%辛硫磷乳油、50%二嗪磷乳油進(jìn)行拌種;病蟲混發(fā)地塊,可選用60%吡蟲啉懸浮種衣劑、6%戊唑醇懸浮種衣劑、27%苯醚·咯·噻蟲懸浮種衣劑或32%戊唑·吡蟲啉懸浮種衣劑進(jìn)行拌種,先拌殺蟲劑,后拌殺菌劑,隨拌隨播,不可久置。
 
  (三)土壤處理。土壤處理應(yīng)在整地時(shí)進(jìn)行,病害發(fā)生較重田塊,應(yīng)用五氯硝基苯或福美雙可濕性粉劑按說明書劑量制成藥土,溝施覆土;地下害蟲較重田塊,應(yīng)用辛硫磷乳油,或用3%辛硫磷顆粒劑3~4公斤,拌細(xì)砂土20公斤,均勻撒于地表旋耕入土。
 
  進(jìn)行藥劑包衣拌種和土壤處理時(shí),必須嚴(yán)格按照農(nóng)藥安全使用說明書要求,進(jìn)行規(guī)范操作或在植保技術(shù)人員指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行,防止藥害和人畜安全事故發(fā)生。
 
  三、抓好整地質(zhì)量
 
  突出抓好深耕、深松和鎮(zhèn)壓耙實(shí)為主要措施的高質(zhì)量、規(guī)范化整地技術(shù),打好麥播基礎(chǔ)。播前整地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要達(dá)到土壤“深、細(xì)、平、松、凈、實(shí)”,即耕層深、耕層土壤細(xì)碎無明暗坷垃、土地平整、土粒松碎、田間清潔無雜草、上虛下實(shí)。
 
  (一)秸稈還田麥田。要采取深耕整地措施,做到前茬作物秸稈“切碎撒勻、草土混勻深埋、鎮(zhèn)壓耙實(shí)”,切實(shí)提高秸稈還田效果,提高土壤蓄水、保肥能力。
 
  (二)連續(xù)多年播前僅旋耕麥田。此類田塊在田面15cm以下已形成堅(jiān)硬的犁底層,影響根系下扎、水分下滲,每2-3年要深耕或深松一次,破除犁底層,耕深要達(dá)到25cm以上,耕后及時(shí)耙平壓實(shí)土壤,以保證種床上虛下實(shí),有利出全苗和幼苗生長(zhǎng)。
 
  對(duì)各類麥田播前播后均要鎮(zhèn)壓耙實(shí),播前鎮(zhèn)壓可壓碎坷垃、塌實(shí)耕層,防止土壤懸虛;播后鎮(zhèn)壓可使土壤與種子緊密接觸,促進(jìn)根系生長(zhǎng)和下扎,種子快速吸水出苗,有利于培育冬前壯苗,促苗安全越冬。
 
  四、提高播種質(zhì)量
 
  做到適期、適量、適深、適墑播種,全面提高播種質(zhì)量,保證一播全苗。
 
  (一)適期播種。小麥秋播要適期,防止過早或過晚播種。對(duì)旱地春播玉米受旱早熟,騰茬較早的,要防止早播,以防小麥冬前旺長(zhǎng);對(duì)于南部復(fù)播玉米區(qū),要密切關(guān)注降水情況和玉米成熟情況,抓住晴好天氣及時(shí)騰茬整地,適期播種。冬前滿足0℃以上積溫570-650℃的時(shí)期即為適播期。南部麥區(qū)適播期:旱地為9月28日-10月10日,水地為10月5日-20日;中部麥區(qū)適播期:旱地為9月25日-10月5日,水地為10月1日-10月10日。
 
  (二)適量播種。近年來,我省部分地區(qū)小麥播量有加大趨勢(shì),易造成冬前假旺苗現(xiàn)象,不利于麥苗越冬。適宜的播量應(yīng)遵循以下幾點(diǎn)要求:在適播期內(nèi),水地畝播量12.5-15公斤,旱地小麥畝播量7.5-10公斤;整地質(zhì)量差或表墑差的地塊,畝增加播量1-2.5公斤;早播或晚播按每天減少或增加播量0.25-0.5公斤調(diào)整。
 
  (三)適深播種。播種時(shí)要行距均勻,播量準(zhǔn)確,深淺一致,播深掌握在3-5cm,不重播、不漏播。旋耕整地麥田要按“深旋淺播”原則進(jìn)行,秸稈粉碎后先深旋耕一遍,旋耕深度15cm以上,然后淺旋播種,播種深度3-5cm。
 
  (四)適墑播種。一般小麥播種最適墑情:0-20cm土壤含水量17%左右或相對(duì)含水量70%左右;土壤含水量低于14%或相對(duì)含水量低于60%時(shí)需造墑播種。對(duì)于播種時(shí)表墑?shì)^差的旱地麥田可采取適當(dāng)加大播深的措施,水地麥田可采取先播種后澆蒙頭水的措施,促進(jìn)出苗;土壤過濕時(shí),要及時(shí)排水晾墑,確保適墑播種,一播全苗,防止土壤板結(jié),影響出苗。
 
  五、科學(xué)平衡施肥
 
  小麥?zhǔn)┓室裱袡C(jī)、無機(jī)相結(jié)合,平衡施肥、減量增效的原則。
 
  (一)增施有機(jī)肥。要在秸稈還田的基礎(chǔ)上,增施有機(jī)肥,控制氮肥總量,合理配置底肥與追肥比例,依據(jù)土壤養(yǎng)分豐缺適量補(bǔ)充磷鉀肥。在我省目前麥田肥力水平下,畝施優(yōu)質(zhì)有機(jī)肥1000-1500公斤或精制有機(jī)肥150-200公斤。
 
  (二)旱地施肥。在增施有機(jī)肥的基礎(chǔ)上,旱地麥田一次施足底肥,畝施肥量為純氮10-11公斤、五氧化二磷6-7公斤。后期如果出現(xiàn)肥力不足的情況,可趁雨雪追肥,每畝均勻撒施尿素5公斤,配施磷酸二銨3-5公斤。
 
  (三)水地施肥。目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量600公斤以上麥田,畝施純氮16-17公斤、五氧化二磷7-8公斤、氧化鉀3-4公斤,其中氮肥底施與追施比以6:4為宜;目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量500-600公斤麥田,畝施純氮14-16公斤、五氧化二磷6-7公斤、氧化鉀3公斤,其中氮肥底施與追施比以7:3為宜;目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量500公斤以下麥田,畝施純氮12-14公斤、五氧化二磷5-6公斤、氧化鉀3公斤,其中氮肥底施與追施比以7:3或8:2為宜;優(yōu)質(zhì)強(qiáng)筋小麥要推廣氮肥后移技術(shù),氮肥底施、拔節(jié)期追施與孕穗期追施比以6:2:2為宜。
 
  六、做好晚播應(yīng)對(duì)
 
  密切關(guān)注天氣變化和秋作物收獲情況,及早對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的晚播做好應(yīng)對(duì)準(zhǔn)備。一旦出現(xiàn)晚播情況,小麥播種要做到一晚四補(bǔ)、晚不減產(chǎn)。
 
  (一)科學(xué)選用品種,以種補(bǔ)晚。應(yīng)對(duì)晚播,選用早熟、耐晚播、分蘗能力強(qiáng)的品種。南部中熟麥區(qū)水地可選用品育8012、邯6172、石優(yōu)20、石4366、濟(jì)麥22、魯原502等品種;旱地選用臨豐3號(hào)、品育8161、品育8155等品種。中部晚熟冬麥區(qū)水地選用長(zhǎng)麥251、太412和中麥175等品種;旱地選用長(zhǎng)6878、長(zhǎng)6359、澤麥3號(hào)等品種。
 
  (二)提高整地質(zhì)量,以好補(bǔ)晚。精細(xì)整地,寧可略晚勿粗耕爛種、搶耕搶種。可根據(jù)茬口,在土壤水分適宜時(shí),采用少耕、輕簡(jiǎn)復(fù)式機(jī)械整地播種。土壤過濕時(shí),可先施足基肥,用小型旋耕機(jī)械淺旋一次,晾曬2-3天后再淺旋耕播種一次完成,也可撒播種植。土壤含水量較高的地塊播種時(shí)可卸下機(jī)具鎮(zhèn)壓輪,不鎮(zhèn)壓,以防表層土壤板結(jié),影響出苗。
 
  (三)適當(dāng)增加播量,以密補(bǔ)晚。根據(jù)不同播期、不同地塊和品種確定適宜播種量,一般每晚播1天,畝播量增加0.25-0.5公斤。晚播小麥適當(dāng)淺播和縮小行距,爭(zhēng)取早出苗、早分蘗、多發(fā)根,一般播深以3-4厘米為宜。不能播種過淺,避免造成抗凍能力和抗旱性差,甚至凍害死苗。播種機(jī)械合適的情況下,可以浸種催芽。
 
  (四)施足底肥,以肥補(bǔ)晚。用足底肥,增加追肥,一促到底。適度調(diào)高底施氮肥比例,增加磷鉀施肥量。對(duì)于肥力偏低麥田適當(dāng)施用硝酸磷等,增加前期速效養(yǎng)分比例。
 
  七、推廣綠色技術(shù)
 
  我省小麥生產(chǎn)常年受到干旱、倒春寒、干熱風(fēng)等的影響,要因地制宜,積極推廣適宜我省實(shí)際情況的綠色高質(zhì)高效生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。在旱地上應(yīng)大力推廣以采用抗旱優(yōu)質(zhì)品種、改變傳統(tǒng)耕播時(shí)間、施肥方式種類為特點(diǎn)的“一優(yōu)四改”栽培技術(shù)和以節(jié)水保墑、防寒保溫、節(jié)肥增效為特點(diǎn)的探墑溝播綠色栽培技術(shù);水地上應(yīng)大力推廣以優(yōu)化群體結(jié)構(gòu)、精準(zhǔn)水肥管理為特點(diǎn)的小麥寬幅勻播、因蘗施肥綠色增產(chǎn)技術(shù)和以踏實(shí)土壤、促根下扎、培育冬前壯苗為特點(diǎn)的冬水前移栽培技術(shù);有條件的地區(qū),積極引進(jìn)水肥一體化精準(zhǔn)高效栽培技術(shù)。同時(shí),各有關(guān)市還要搞好優(yōu)質(zhì)強(qiáng)筋小麥栽培技術(shù)、小麥防災(zāi)減災(zāi)技術(shù)、機(jī)收減損技術(shù)的試驗(yàn)示范,為小麥綠色高質(zhì)高效發(fā)展提供有力的技術(shù)支撐。
 
  來源|省農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心
 
  監(jiān)審|馮耀斌
 
  責(zé)編|李云飛
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