油菜毯狀苗機械化移栽技術(shù)為何受種植大戶青睞？

2022-10-19 14:23:39 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：33591 評論

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】我國油菜是我國重要的油料作物，提供了57%的國產(chǎn)食用植物油。油菜常年種植面積近1億畝，長江流域占90%，分布在長江上、中、下游地區(qū)，其中30-40%因輪作茬口或因氣候條件等原因限制，不具備直接播種的條件，必須采用育苗移栽方式種植。據(jù)了解，湖南省永州市祁陽縣今年已落實油菜種植面積36.5萬畝，綜合機械化率超過80%。
 
　　在2020年，由南京農(nóng)業(yè)機械化研究所和揚州大學(xué)合作研發(fā)的油菜毯狀苗機械化移栽技術(shù)改變了傳統(tǒng)的育苗和移栽方式，將油菜苗培育成機插水稻苗一樣的盤根成毯的毯狀苗，移栽機切塊對縫插栽，具有高效高產(chǎn)、適應(yīng)能力強等顯著優(yōu)勢。近年來，已深受油菜種植大戶青睞。
 
　　油菜毯狀苗機械化高效移栽技術(shù)是“世界首創(chuàng)、國際領(lǐng)先”的新型移栽技術(shù)，是對傳統(tǒng)大苗裸苗人工移栽或現(xiàn)有的缽體苗機械化、半機械化移栽技術(shù)的革命。該技術(shù)具有作業(yè)效率高、土壤適應(yīng)性強和增產(chǎn)效果顯著等突出優(yōu)勢。
 
　　作業(yè)效率高。單行移栽頻率正常作業(yè)可達220-300次/分，整機4.2-6畝/小時，是人工移栽的40-60倍，是鏈夾式移栽機的5-8倍，即使與世界最先進的全自動旱地移栽機相比提高效率200%以上，創(chuàng)造了世界上旱地移栽的最高栽植頻率和作業(yè)效率。
 
　　適應(yīng)性強。現(xiàn)有移栽機針對旱地移栽條件而開發(fā)，對土壤條件要求高，不能滿足稻后田移栽。油菜毯狀苗移栽技術(shù)采用主動波紋圓盤開窄溝、切擠鎮(zhèn)壓相結(jié)合的覆土合縫機構(gòu)，在沒有或不能進行土壤精耕細(xì)整的條件下，實現(xiàn)了稻茬田油菜高效移栽。
 
　　增產(chǎn)效果顯著。多年多點試驗表明：與同期直播油菜相比平均增產(chǎn)30%以上，按36公斤菜籽計算，增加效益110元/畝(扣除育苗成)；與人工大苗移栽產(chǎn)量持平，節(jié)省育苗移栽成本120元。因此節(jié)本增效110-120元/畝。該技術(shù)栽植密度可達到10000-13000穴/畝，比人工移栽增加苗數(shù)2倍以上，避免了稀植多分枝給機械收獲帶來不便。
 
　　技術(shù)通用性好。油菜毯狀苗移栽機與乘坐式水稻插秧機底盤通用，部分部件通用，降低移栽機的造價和使用成本。育苗所用秧盤與水稻育秧盤通用，水稻育秧的設(shè)施也可以用于油菜育苗。油菜毯狀苗機械化高效移栽技術(shù)也可用于青菜類、芹菜、芥菜等蔬菜育苗移栽，用途廣泛。
 
　　據(jù)了解，2014至2016年，該技術(shù)已在江蘇、安徽、湖北、四川、上海等油菜主產(chǎn)區(qū)推廣應(yīng)用，與同期直播油菜相比平均增產(chǎn)30%以上，平均省工節(jié)本每畝110元以上，如該技術(shù)全面應(yīng)用，每年長江流域油菜種植可省工節(jié)本增效33億元。此外，該技術(shù)還適應(yīng)于各類青菜、芹菜、芥菜等一些蔬菜的育苗移栽，適用面積約4000萬畝以上。
 
　　日前，由農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機械化研究所穗粒類收獲機械團隊研發(fā)的油菜毯狀苗聯(lián)合移栽技術(shù)在江蘇實施轉(zhuǎn)化，創(chuàng)制的2ZGK-6型聯(lián)合移栽機已實現(xiàn)批量生產(chǎn)。
 
　　注：本文由農(nóng)機網(wǎng)(m.epigene.com.cn)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：湖南省農(nóng)機事務(wù)中心、紅網(wǎng)、宜昌市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院。

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