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2024年保護(hù)地蔬菜重要害蟲生物防治技術(shù)方案

2024-03-28 08:33:47 來源：全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：12216 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：保護(hù)地蔬菜害蟲種類多，常年發(fā)生的主要有蚜蟲、粉虱、薊馬和害螨等，蟲量大、世代重疊、抗藥性高、危害重。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】保護(hù)地蔬菜害蟲種類多，常年發(fā)生的主要有蚜蟲、粉虱、薊馬和害螨等，蟲量大、世代重疊、抗藥性高、危害重；偶發(fā)的有潛葉蠅、棉鈴蟲、甜菜夜蛾等。利用生物防治技術(shù)是保障蔬菜質(zhì)量安全、推進(jìn)綠色植保的有效途徑。為推動(dòng)害蟲的生物防治工作，特制定本方案。
 
　　一、防控目標(biāo)
 
　　保護(hù)地蔬菜重要害蟲防治處置率90%以上，害蟲總體防控效果80%以上，危害損失率控制在10%以內(nèi)，保障蔬菜生產(chǎn)及產(chǎn)品安全。
 
　　二、防控策略
 
　　針對(duì)保護(hù)地蔬菜害蟲發(fā)生特點(diǎn)，采取“實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)、提前預(yù)防、壓前控后、多策并舉”策略，以健康栽培、物理隔離和生態(tài)調(diào)控等技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)，以釋放天敵和應(yīng)用生物農(nóng)藥為主要手段，將害蟲控制在經(jīng)濟(jì)危害水平以下。
 
　　三、生物防治應(yīng)用保障技術(shù)
 
　　（一）物理阻隔
 
　　蔬菜定植前安裝防蟲網(wǎng)。在棚室旁設(shè)置緩沖間，門口和入口及上、下通風(fēng)口安裝60目防蟲網(wǎng)，阻斷害蟲侵入。
 
　　（二）健康栽培
 
　　1.環(huán)境控制。確保保護(hù)地溫濕度、光照、通風(fēng)和密閉性控制良好，適宜蔬菜生長(zhǎng)。
 
　　2.清潔棚室。前茬蔬菜采收后及時(shí)拉秧清棚，徹底清除殘枝、落葉、落果、雜草、裸根等，于棚外集中無害化處理。密閉熏蒸或藥劑均勻噴灑墻壁、棚膜、緩沖間1—2次。
 
　　3.土壤消毒。定植前使用土壤消毒劑殺滅病蟲源，處理后增施枯草芽孢桿菌、木霉菌等有益菌劑。
 
　　4.健身栽培。潔凈種苗，合理密植，施用氨基寡糖類、蛋白質(zhì)免疫誘抗劑等，提升植株抗病蟲能力。
 
　　（三）生態(tài)調(diào)控
 
　　1.種植蜜源植物。棚間空地種植金盞菊、波斯菊、苜蓿、芝麻和蛇床子等植物。
 
　　2. 種植驅(qū)避植物。棚內(nèi)在通風(fēng)口區(qū)種植茴香、萬壽菊、除蟲菊等植物。
 
　　3. 種植誘集植物。茄果類蔬菜定植時(shí)，在其種植行的兩端和中間位置各種1株甜瓜，每隔4行種植1組，或瓜類蔬菜溫室用盆栽的苘麻置于行間，高效誘集粉虱類害蟲。
 
　　四、生物防治技術(shù)
 
　　（一）天敵應(yīng)用技術(shù)
 
　　定植后，監(jiān)測(cè)害蟲種群發(fā)生情況，在害蟲發(fā)生初期即采用相應(yīng)防治措施。
 
　　1.防治粉虱類害蟲
 
　　天敵品種：麗蚜小蜂等
 
　　釋放技術(shù)：定植后，監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲即可釋放天敵，麗蚜小蜂按2000頭/畝，隔7—10天釋放一次，連續(xù)釋放3—5次。
 
　　2. 防治薊馬類害蟲
 
　　天敵品種：小花蝽類、胡瓜新小綏螨、巴氏新小綏螨和劍毛帕厲螨。
 
　　釋放技術(shù)：定植后，監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲即可釋放天敵。小花蝽類天敵按500頭/畝，隔7—10天釋放一次，連續(xù)釋放2—4次；或根部撒施劍毛帕厲螨100—200頭/平方米，同時(shí)葉部撒施巴氏新小綏螨或胡瓜新小綏螨100—200頭/平方米，每2周釋放一次，連續(xù)釋放2—3次。
 
　　3. 防治害螨
 
　　天敵品種：智利小植綏螨、加州新小綏螨、巴氏新小綏螨。
 
　　釋放技術(shù)：定植后，監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)害螨即可釋放捕食螨。葉部撒施智利小植綏螨5—10頭/平方米，點(diǎn)片發(fā)生時(shí)中心株釋放30頭/平方米，每2周釋放一次，釋放3次?；蛉~部撒施加州新小綏螨300—500頭/平方米，每周釋放一次，連續(xù)釋放3—5次，或釋放巴氏新小綏螨，方法同加州新小綏螨。
 
　　4. 防治蚜蟲類害蟲
 
　　天敵品種：蚜繭蜂、草蛉、食蚜癭蚊、瓢蟲。
 
　　釋放技術(shù)：定植后，監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲即可釋放天敵。蚜繭蜂按2000—4000頭/畝，或草蛉(繭)按300—500頭/畝，或食蚜癭蚊按300—500頭/畝，每周釋放一次，連續(xù)釋放2—3次?；蚱跋x(成蟲)按1:60益害比釋放，或瓢蟲(卵)按2000頭/畝，釋放2—3次。
 
　　5. 防治鱗翅目害蟲
 
　　天敵種類：赤眼蜂類、蠋蝽等
 
　　釋放技術(shù)：定植后，監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲即可釋放天敵。赤眼蜂類按10000頭/畝，或蠋蝽按20—30頭/畝，隔5—7天釋放一次，連續(xù)釋放3次。
 
　　（二）生物農(nóng)藥防治技術(shù)
 
　　當(dāng)釋放天敵不能夠有效控制保護(hù)地害蟲時(shí)，可使用生物農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行防治，使用前需確定生物農(nóng)藥與天敵的兼容性，降低其對(duì)天敵的影響。粉虱類、蚜蟲類和薊馬類可選用除蟲菊素、苦參堿、魚藤酮、藜蘆根莖提取物、綠僵菌、球孢白僵菌、多殺霉素等藥劑；鱗翅目害蟲可選用短穩(wěn)桿菌、蘇云金桿菌、印楝素、核型多角體病毒等藥劑。
 
　　五、注意事項(xiàng)
 
　　(一)釋放天敵宜在保護(hù)地蔬菜上使用，注意天敵不耐儲(chǔ)存，應(yīng)盡早釋放，不可置于陽光下暴曬。
 
　　(二)釋放天敵后，避免施用化學(xué)殺蟲殺螨劑，2天內(nèi)盡量減少農(nóng)事操作，以利于天敵轉(zhuǎn)移到植株上。
 
　　(三)有避光、避高溫要求的生物藥劑宜在陰天或下午4點(diǎn)以后施藥。

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