2024年玉米春耕春播技術(shù)意見

2024-04-11 08:36:48 來源：全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：18596 評(píng)論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 “清明”已過，北方春玉米正處于春耕備播的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，西南春玉米陸續(xù)播種。總體看，當(dāng)前北方春播區(qū)土壤墑情較好，有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)足墑播種和一播全苗；西南春播區(qū)部分地區(qū)降雨不足、氣溫偏高、失墑?shì)^快，對(duì)春玉米播種出苗不利。針對(duì)當(dāng)前生產(chǎn)形勢(shì)和氣候特點(diǎn)，各地要以“優(yōu)選良種、分類整地、精細(xì)播種、水肥一體、合理增密、防控病蟲”為重點(diǎn)，全力抓好玉米春耕春播，推進(jìn)大面積單產(chǎn)提升，為實(shí)現(xiàn)增產(chǎn)豐收奠定基礎(chǔ)。
 
　　一是優(yōu)選良種，科學(xué)品種布局。根據(jù)自然生態(tài)和生產(chǎn)條件，合理品種搭配，選擇通過國家或省級(jí)審定、在當(dāng)?shù)胤N植表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良的熟期適宜、豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性好、增產(chǎn)潛力大、抗逆性強(qiáng)、耐密抗倒、抗病抗蟲、宜機(jī)械作業(yè)的優(yōu)良玉米品種。東北地區(qū)應(yīng)避免種植生育期偏長品種，杜絕越區(qū)種植，確保安全成熟；西北、西南覆膜栽培地區(qū)一般可選擇較露地栽培生育期長10天左右的品種。做好種子包衣，杜絕“白籽”下地，有條件的提前進(jìn)行晾曬等種子處理。
 
　　二是分類整地，適期適墑精播。對(duì)于北方春整地地塊，應(yīng)離田的秸稈化凍前加快轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)離田，也可因地制宜采用免耕覆蓋、條帶耕覆蓋、碎混還田等秸稈處理方式，土壤化凍后及時(shí)旋耕滅茬，有條件的可結(jié)合整地施用有機(jī)肥；對(duì)于秋整地地塊，適時(shí)保墑播種并及時(shí)鎮(zhèn)壓，盡可能少動(dòng)土，減少水分蒸發(fā)；對(duì)已達(dá)待播狀態(tài)、墑情適宜且地溫達(dá)到播種條件的適時(shí)早播搶播、機(jī)械精播。干旱地塊可采用適時(shí)“搶墑”、深種淺蓋“接墑”、坐(濾)水“增墑”播種等，不具備條件的可原壟種植；春澇地塊及早清理晾曬地表、翻耕起壟散墑，地干后適時(shí)淺播淺種。西南旱情未緩解地區(qū)可依據(jù)天氣預(yù)報(bào)合理調(diào)整播期、適墑播種，對(duì)適播期缺水缺墑不能及時(shí)播種地塊可采用育苗移栽技術(shù)。有條件的地塊建議采用水肥一體化技術(shù)，滴水出苗。
 
　　三是合理增密，構(gòu)建高產(chǎn)群體。耕層0—10厘米地溫穩(wěn)定通過10℃時(shí)即可播種，根據(jù)各地生態(tài)條件、品種特性、土壤肥力、管理水平等合理確定種植密度，適度密植。東北和西北旱作區(qū)一般地塊畝保苗4000—4500株，對(duì)于整地播種質(zhì)量高、選用耐密抗倒高產(chǎn)玉米品種且肥水供應(yīng)充足、生產(chǎn)條件整體較好地塊，畝保苗密度可增至5000株以上。西南區(qū)玉米種植密度普遍偏低，建議每畝增加500—1000株。具備密植水肥一體化條件的，可視生產(chǎn)管理水平等情況增加種植密度，東北地區(qū)每畝可提高至5500株以上，西北地區(qū)可提高至6500株以上，西南地區(qū)可提高至5000株以上，注意關(guān)鍵生育期實(shí)施化控防倒。
 
　　四是防控病蟲草，減損提質(zhì)增產(chǎn)。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)，今年玉米病蟲害總體偏重發(fā)生。西南地區(qū)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注草地貪夜蛾、玉米螟、粘蟲、紋枯病、大斑病、南方銹病、白斑病、穗腐病等病蟲害，東北地區(qū)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注粘蟲、玉米螟、棉鈴蟲、蚜蟲、地下害蟲、大斑病、莖腐病、北方炭疽病等病蟲害，西北地區(qū)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注地下害蟲、蚜蟲、葉螨、棉鈴蟲、玉米螟、莖腐病、大斑病等病蟲害。應(yīng)采用抗病抗逆品種及高質(zhì)量包衣種子，必要時(shí)可針對(duì)性進(jìn)行二次精準(zhǔn)包衣。結(jié)合農(nóng)藝措施防控雜草，土壤墑情較好的地塊采用“一封一殺”；土壤墑情差、降雨少、砂性土壤的地塊采用“一殺一補(bǔ)”。加強(qiáng)病蟲草害發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警，適時(shí)開展統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治、“一噴多促”等。

上一篇： 鄂爾多斯市“基于小流量滴灌-精準(zhǔn)水肥調(diào)控-玉米密植”技術(shù)模式

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