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實施化肥減量化行動,助力農(nóng)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展

2024-05-04 12:40:07 來源:農(nóng)牧業(yè)生態(tài)資源保護中心 閱讀量:20186 評論

導(dǎo)讀:近年來,烏蘭察布市針對主要作物施肥不足與施肥過量并存、施肥結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、肥料利用率低、施用品種單一等問題,不斷改進施肥方式,推進科學(xué)施肥等技術(shù)措施,使化肥使用量持續(xù)保持負增長,肥料利用率和耕地地力不斷提升。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 化肥減量化行動是國家實施“藏糧于地、藏糧于技”戰(zhàn)略的重要措施,是保障糧食安全和生態(tài)安全的重要手段。近年來,烏蘭察布市針對主要作物施肥不足與施肥過量并存、施肥結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、肥料利用率低、施用品種單一等問題,通過實施有機肥替代,推廣測土配方施肥技術(shù),集成減肥增效技術(shù)試驗示范,優(yōu)化施肥結(jié)構(gòu)和肥料種類,不斷改進施肥方式,推進科學(xué)施肥等技術(shù)措施,使化肥使用量持續(xù)保持負增長,肥料利用率和耕地地力不斷提升。
 
  多元替代減量增效。大力推廣實施有機肥、秸稈還田利用、畜禽糞污資源利用等多元替代施肥方式,結(jié)合深耕深松,將有機質(zhì)還田,緩解了長期施用化肥導(dǎo)致的土壤板結(jié)、肥力下降等問題,逐步提高土壤有機質(zhì)含量,培肥地力,秸稈利用率、畜禽糞污利用率分別穩(wěn)定在85%、90%以上。
 
  精準施肥減量增效。持續(xù)完善配方施肥方案,不斷擴大精準施肥技術(shù)覆蓋面,利用耕地質(zhì)量監(jiān)測點和肥料肥效試驗數(shù)據(jù),制定和更新作物施肥配方87個,充分利用冬季農(nóng)閑和春耕備播時期廣泛開展測土配方施肥技術(shù)的宣傳培訓(xùn),同時通過進村、入戶、上墻和媒體宣傳等多種途徑和信息化手段,分區(qū)分塊傳遞推介施肥技術(shù),引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民按方施肥。2023年,測土配方施肥技術(shù)覆蓋率穩(wěn)定在90%以上。
 
  調(diào)優(yōu)結(jié)構(gòu)減量增效。持續(xù)加大科學(xué)施肥技術(shù)和肥料產(chǎn)品的探索推廣力度,通過試驗示范驗證,不斷優(yōu)化施肥結(jié)構(gòu)和種類。針對馬鈴薯、玉米、甜菜等水澆地作物重基肥、輕追肥、少中微量肥等施肥問題,采取前氮后移、磷肥分次、鉀肥控量、補充中微量肥等措施,開展相關(guān)試驗52個,一對一制定作物科學(xué)施肥技術(shù)指導(dǎo),有效增強了減肥增效技術(shù)大面積推廣提供技術(shù)支撐。按照“有機無機配施、大中微量配合、優(yōu)化形態(tài)配對”的原則,引導(dǎo)農(nóng)戶增施有機肥,選用緩控釋肥、大量元素復(fù)合肥,推廣應(yīng)用液體肥、微生物肥、葉面肥、中微量元素肥等高效的新型肥料,不斷豐富作物施肥肥料種類,努力為農(nóng)戶科學(xué)施肥提供技術(shù)服務(wù)。
 
  科學(xué)管控減量增效。持續(xù)加大農(nóng)企合作力度,引入中化集團、鄉(xiāng)喜液體肥配肥站等新型骨干農(nóng)化服務(wù)企業(yè),充分利用企業(yè)的資金優(yōu)勢、技術(shù)優(yōu)勢和先進的儀器設(shè)備,結(jié)合土肥部門掌握的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和技術(shù)優(yōu)勢,初步實現(xiàn)了農(nóng)作物施肥方案量身定制,不斷深入推進精準施肥、科學(xué)施肥。中化集團與鄉(xiāng)喜液體肥配肥站在我市馬鈴薯、玉米、甜菜、葵花、洋蔥、胡蘿卜等作物上推廣應(yīng)用測土配方固體肥和液體肥累計達到40萬畝,涉及400多戶。
 
  改進方式減量增效。大力引導(dǎo)農(nóng)戶改進傳統(tǒng)的表施、撒施、大水沖施等施肥方式,推廣高效施肥機械和施肥技術(shù)。2022年-2023年,累計推廣集成施肥新技術(shù)、新產(chǎn)品、新機具等“三新”技術(shù)模式28萬畝,推廣水肥一體化應(yīng)用面積達330萬畝,推廣應(yīng)用大豆根瘤菌劑49萬畝,總結(jié)提煉并推廣應(yīng)用旱地作物“種肥同播+施用緩釋肥料+無人機噴施”高效施肥技術(shù)、馬鈴薯淺埋滴灌水肥一體化技術(shù)、膜下滴灌玉米“無底肥”施肥技術(shù)、青貯玉米“全膜覆蓋+水肥一體化+無人機噴施葉面肥”精準施肥技術(shù)、主栽作物有機肥部分替代技術(shù)等5種技術(shù)模式。
 
  下一步,市農(nóng)牧(鄉(xiāng)村振興)局將繼續(xù)實施好化肥減量增效項目,做好大豆根瘤菌劑推廣應(yīng)用、“三新技術(shù)”示范區(qū)建設(shè)、新型肥料遴選薦優(yōu)助農(nóng)行動、“無底肥”試驗示范區(qū)等工作,確保全市測土配方施肥技術(shù)覆蓋率保持在90%以上,全市化肥使用量持續(xù)負增長。建好自治區(qū)看苗選肥平臺,篩選一批適宜我市主栽作物的新型肥料品種,為農(nóng)民選肥提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。持續(xù)調(diào)優(yōu)施肥結(jié)構(gòu),推動化肥使用量穩(wěn)中有降目標(biāo)實現(xiàn)。
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