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2024年夏季茶園防災(zāi)減災(zāi)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-07-05 11:33:14 來源：全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：12121 評論

導(dǎo)讀：為指導(dǎo)茶園做好極端災(zāi)害性天氣防范應(yīng)對，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部茶葉專家指導(dǎo)組、國家茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系，提出2024年夏季茶園防災(zāi)減災(zāi)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 根據(jù)氣象部門預(yù)測，受赤道中東太平洋由厄爾尼諾向拉尼娜轉(zhuǎn)換影響，今年夏季我國氣候狀況總體偏差，中東部大部降水總體偏多，區(qū)域性和階段性洪澇災(zāi)害明顯，極端天氣氣候事件偏多，局地發(fā)生極端性強(qiáng)降水和階段性高溫的可能性較大。為指導(dǎo)茶園做好極端災(zāi)害性天氣防范應(yīng)對，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部茶葉專家指導(dǎo)組、國家茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系，提出2024年夏季茶園防災(zāi)減災(zāi)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
防范應(yīng)對洪澇災(zāi)害
 
　　（一）提前落實(shí)防范措施
 
　　密切關(guān)注天氣預(yù)報。暴雨前檢查疏通茶園排灌溝渠，確保排水正常。缺少排水溝渠的茶園，應(yīng)在園內(nèi)及四周搶挖排水溝，如茶園位于低洼地或地下水位過高，需開挖1米以上深溝。適采茶園應(yīng)組織搶采搶制，減輕災(zāi)害損失。
 
　　（二）及時開展受澇茶園搶修補(bǔ)救
 
　　1.盡快排除地表水。茶園遭受洪澇災(zāi)害后盡快組織人力排除地表水。平地茶園要及時在茶園四周開挖圍溝，中間開挖中溝或廂溝排水，盡快將地下水位降至1米以下?？?jié)衬芰θ醯牟铇淞挤N繁育基地和幼齡茶園，宜用水泵直接抽水。
 
　　2.盡快修復(fù)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。抓緊修復(fù)受損茶園道路、溝渠、泵站等農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。茶樹良種繁育基地要首先修復(fù)噴灌設(shè)施及泵站、受損棚室和遮陰設(shè)施。山地、丘陵茶園要抓緊整修道路、溝渠和梯坎，疏通溝渠，保證水、路暢通，防止次生災(zāi)害發(fā)生?？逅鑸@地形地勢符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)茶園建設(shè)要求的要迅速組織修復(fù)重建，盡快恢復(fù)園相。
 
　　3.及時清理茶園。受洪水沖泡的茶園，要挖除堆積在茶樹上的泥土泥沙，盡快清除樹冠上的污泥雜物，保持樹冠清潔衛(wèi)生。幼齡茶園要扶正倒伏樹體，培土覆蓋根系，保護(hù)茶苗直立成活。
 
　　4.及時修剪。對于水淹時間過長、傷根嚴(yán)重、葉片出現(xiàn)明顯枯萎癥狀的茶樹，在表土干燥后，用修剪機(jī)進(jìn)行重修剪或深修剪，以減少茶樹枝葉水分蒸發(fā)和養(yǎng)分消耗，防止整株死亡。對于露根、傷根茶樹，要及時培土，剪除拖地枝和斷枝等。其他受災(zāi)茶園要及時修剪，培養(yǎng)豐產(chǎn)樹冠。
 
　　5.及時補(bǔ)充養(yǎng)分。受災(zāi)茶園要進(jìn)行中耕除草、開溝施肥，溝深宜在15厘米左右，施肥后應(yīng)及時覆土。肥料可選用腐熟有機(jī)肥和復(fù)合肥。投產(chǎn)茶園一般畝施500公斤有機(jī)肥和20—30公斤復(fù)合肥(可分2次施)，1—3年生幼齡茶園一般畝施100公斤有機(jī)肥和10—20公斤復(fù)合肥(可分2次施)。
 
防范應(yīng)對高溫干旱
 
　　（一）切實(shí)落實(shí)抗旱措施
 
　　1.加強(qiáng)旱害監(jiān)測。易受旱地區(qū)茶園要注意監(jiān)測旱害情況，提前落實(shí)防范措施。
 
　　2.及時灌溉抗旱。丘陵山區(qū)茶園應(yīng)利用有利地形修筑水溝、渠道、蓄水池和山塘等，擴(kuò)大排、蓄水能力。夏秋旱季，當(dāng)茶園耕層土壤相對含水率降到70%左右，或者日平均氣溫達(dá)28℃以上且有7—10天不下雨時，采用噴灌或溝灌等方式，及時灌溉補(bǔ)水。
 
　　3.加強(qiáng)茶園遮陰。在茶園搭設(shè)遮陽網(wǎng)遮陰，減少光照強(qiáng)度，緩解干旱。遮陽網(wǎng)要高出茶樹50厘米以上，避免緊貼茶樹，造成燙傷。
 
　　4.淺耕鋤草和鋪草覆蓋。旱季來臨前，對茶園進(jìn)行淺耕鋤草，以減少地表蒸發(fā)。有條件的茶園，宜在茶園中進(jìn)行鋪草覆蓋，降溫保墑。草料可選用山野草、農(nóng)作物秸稈、蔗渣、木屑等，每畝用干草料1噸左右，鋪草厚度5—10厘米。
 
　　5.補(bǔ)充茶園養(yǎng)分。對于土層淺、土質(zhì)差的茶園，在雨季或雨季之前進(jìn)行深耕，耕作深度應(yīng)達(dá)20厘米以上，同時每畝施用有機(jī)肥1—2噸。
 
　　（二）及時開展高溫干旱災(zāi)后補(bǔ)救
 
　　1.及時修剪。旱情過后要及時進(jìn)行修剪，根據(jù)枝葉干枯程度，采取輕修剪、深修剪甚至臺刈的方式，剪除枯死的枝干，重新培養(yǎng)良好樹冠。
 
　　2.適時補(bǔ)苗。幼齡茶樹由于根系淺，抗旱能力弱，容易因干旱而死亡。干旱過后，雨季到來之前，要及時補(bǔ)苗，避免出現(xiàn)缺株斷行的情況，影響成園后的產(chǎn)量。
 
　　3.合理施肥。幼齡茶園在干旱季節(jié)可用0.5%磷酸二氫鉀水溶液進(jìn)行根外追肥。投產(chǎn)茶園可追施復(fù)合肥或有機(jī)肥，一般可每畝追肥復(fù)合肥20—30公斤或有機(jī)肥500公斤以上。

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