玉米應(yīng)對(duì)臺(tái)風(fēng)影響及災(zāi)后恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見(jiàn)

2024-07-29 08:40:51 來(lái)源：全國(guó)農(nóng)技中心 閱讀量：18928 評(píng)論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 目前，我國(guó)黃淮海夏玉米多處于大喇叭口期前后、東北春玉米多處于抽雄吐絲期前后，是防倒伏、促授粉、保結(jié)實(shí)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。據(jù)中央氣象臺(tái)預(yù)報(bào)，8月將有3—4個(gè)臺(tái)風(fēng)生成，并有1—2個(gè)可能登陸我國(guó)。針對(duì)臺(tái)風(fēng)對(duì)玉米生產(chǎn)可能造成的不利影響和潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部玉米專家指導(dǎo)組會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心，以“防汛降漬、追肥促長(zhǎng)、分類扶正、防控病蟲(chóng)”為重點(diǎn)，提出玉米應(yīng)對(duì)臺(tái)風(fēng)影響及災(zāi)后恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見(jiàn)。
 
　　疏通溝渠  防汛降漬
 
　　在臺(tái)風(fēng)、暴雨來(lái)臨前開(kāi)好排水溝，梯次漸深配套，保持溝渠通暢。低洼地塊提前深挖溝渠、提高排水能力，備足水泵等裝備、隨時(shí)疏浚排水。雨后及時(shí)查田，積水地塊加快清淤除障、架設(shè)水泵強(qiáng)排，減少植株水淹時(shí)間。有條件的地塊可在雨后晴好天氣中耕作業(yè)，破除板結(jié)、疏松土壤，增強(qiáng)土壤透氣性。
 
　　適時(shí)追肥  促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)
 
　　大喇叭口至抽雄吐絲期正是玉米養(yǎng)分需求高峰期，雨后養(yǎng)分容易流失，一般畝施用尿素10—15公斤，使用緩釋肥作底肥的追施尿素10公斤左右，強(qiáng)降雨影響較重地塊適當(dāng)增加追肥量，盡快保證養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)。適時(shí)開(kāi)展一噴多促作業(yè)，一次或多次噴施磷酸二氫鉀、蕓苔素內(nèi)酯等植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑和葉面肥，并根據(jù)病蟲(chóng)發(fā)生情況配施殺蟲(chóng)殺菌劑，提高群體災(zāi)后恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)能力。一般在上午10點(diǎn)前或下午4點(diǎn)后作業(yè)，也可夜間作業(yè)。
 
　　分類扶正  促進(jìn)結(jié)實(shí)
 
　　對(duì)雨后倒伏的玉米田，視情況分類扶正。尚未抽雄的地塊，對(duì)根倒、莖稈傾斜植株不需扶正，依靠植株自我調(diào)節(jié)；對(duì)莖折植株盡量清理離田，增加群體通風(fēng)透光。已經(jīng)抽雄授粉的地塊，對(duì)根倒、莖倒且莖稈與地面超過(guò)45度角的玉米植株一般不扶正，避免二次傷害；對(duì)倒伏平鋪的盡快扶正，可將相鄰4—6株綁在一起；對(duì)根系再次生長(zhǎng)扎地的采取墊扶措施，使玉米果穗離開(kāi)地面。莖折嚴(yán)重的受災(zāi)地塊視情況改作青貯收獲，減少損失。對(duì)處在玉米散粉高峰期受暴雨影響的，可在雨后晴好天氣時(shí)開(kāi)展無(wú)人機(jī)輔助授粉，飛行高度距冠層3米左右。
 
　　防控病蟲(chóng)  減少損失
 
　　臺(tái)風(fēng)過(guò)境后，密切監(jiān)測(cè)分析病蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生情況。黃淮海地區(qū)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注南方銹病、褐斑病、棉鈴蟲(chóng)、桃蛀螟、玉米螟等病蟲(chóng)害，東北地區(qū)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注大斑病、灰斑病、北方炭疽病、玉米螟、黏蟲(chóng)等病蟲(chóng)害，做好統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。選用適當(dāng)藥劑防治葉斑類病害和穗期病蟲(chóng)害。

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