發(fā)展蔬菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化既是刻不容緩 又要假以時(shí)日

2017-11-10 15:56:46 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 作者：小虎牙 閱讀量：44196 評論

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 從我國大力推行糧食作物機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)以來，各方面都取得了很明顯的成效，但是在蔬菜機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)方面，還存在很多薄弱的環(huán)節(jié)，綠葉菜的機(jī)械化采收便是一大難題。
 
發(fā)展蔬菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化既是刻不容緩 又要假以時(shí)日
 
　　現(xiàn)狀
 
　　目前我國蔬菜生產(chǎn)綜合機(jī)械化水平相當(dāng)?shù)停卟松a(chǎn)機(jī)械化仍處于初始階段，與發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，更是相差甚遠(yuǎn)。
 
　　我國是蔬菜生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)大國，常年生產(chǎn)的蔬菜囊括14大類150多種，種類如此繁多，而地區(qū)之間的差異化種植，導(dǎo)致蔬菜種植無法實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一的種植規(guī)范，沒有統(tǒng)一的種植標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，便難以實(shí)現(xiàn)全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)；其次，由于蔬菜生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)多、機(jī)具品種多、利用率不高等問題，導(dǎo)致蔬菜機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)和使用成本較高，如此一來，農(nóng)戶購置蔬菜機(jī)械的積極性便會受到影響；再次，蔬菜機(jī)械進(jìn)入購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼目錄的產(chǎn)品相對較少，有的因成熟度不高無法列入補(bǔ)貼名錄，這在一定程度上也會影響農(nóng)戶的購買熱情；另外，創(chuàng)新能力不足，短板凸顯也是蔬菜機(jī)械化實(shí)施過程中的攔路虎，目前，耕整地環(huán)節(jié)基本可以解決，種的環(huán)節(jié)也已部分解決，難就難在采收上，尤其對于綠葉菜而言。
 
　　探索
 
　　對于“三天不見青，兩眼冒金星”的上海市民而言，綠葉菜是上海人的餐桌標(biāo)配，如何實(shí)現(xiàn)蔬菜的機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)，上海相關(guān)部門也進(jìn)行了不懈的努力。
 
　　2012年上海市農(nóng)機(jī)所與相關(guān)公司合作，從意大利引進(jìn)了精細(xì)耕整作畦機(jī)、精量播種機(jī)和綠葉菜收割機(jī)等葉菜類生產(chǎn)機(jī)械，成立《蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化關(guān)鍵技術(shù)與裝備的研究》課題組，在不斷的改進(jìn)與試驗(yàn)下，前后花了半年多的時(shí)間研究出了進(jìn)口機(jī)械的同款國產(chǎn)樣機(jī)，其作業(yè)效果基本達(dá)到了進(jìn)口機(jī)械作業(yè)水平。
 
　　到2014年11月，臺國產(chǎn)綠葉菜收割機(jī)樣機(jī)終于完成，在上海市農(nóng)科院莊行基地進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)性試驗(yàn)應(yīng)用后獲得相關(guān)專家肯定。在引進(jìn)消化吸收再創(chuàng)新的道路上，上海市農(nóng)機(jī)所從未停下腳步。目前農(nóng)機(jī)所已研發(fā)出適應(yīng)上海現(xiàn)有8萬畝設(shè)施大棚使用的小型履帶式蔬菜收獲機(jī)樣機(jī)，該收獲機(jī)采用機(jī)電液一體化先進(jìn)技術(shù)和模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，運(yùn)用智能測控技術(shù)，割臺全液壓地面仿形隨動，底盤采用一機(jī)多用設(shè)計(jì)理念，提高機(jī)具利用率和機(jī)動性。與此同時(shí)，棚內(nèi)用小型耕種機(jī)具也在積極研發(fā)中。
 
　　融合
 
　　加快蔬菜農(nóng)藝和農(nóng)機(jī)的融合：由于蔬菜品種繁多，在種植上沒有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范，使得蔬菜機(jī)械化種植對機(jī)械的要求相較于糧食機(jī)械來說嚴(yán)格得多，這在一定程度上則需要集工程、機(jī)械、信息和農(nóng)藝技術(shù)于一體，也要求農(nóng)藝科技人員和農(nóng)機(jī)制造商相互配合。一方面，在農(nóng)藝上，農(nóng)藝師應(yīng)結(jié)合農(nóng)機(jī)發(fā)展需求開發(fā)和推廣適合機(jī)械化作業(yè)的農(nóng)藝，如統(tǒng)一行距與株距、統(tǒng)一栽培模式等，在同一區(qū)域盡可能使用統(tǒng)一、規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的農(nóng)藝；另一方面，農(nóng)機(jī)制造商應(yīng)從農(nóng)藝的角度研發(fā)蔬菜機(jī)械，讓農(nóng)機(jī)適應(yīng)農(nóng)藝，充分發(fā)揮二者相輔相成的作用，使蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化事業(yè)再上新臺階。
 
　　結(jié)語
 
　　10月26日，2017年中國蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)展論壇在湖北省武漢市召開，與會專家一致認(rèn)為，要實(shí)現(xiàn)蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)的提質(zhì)增效，發(fā)展機(jī)械化勢在必行。盡管目前我國的蔬菜機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)還存在諸多問題，但是各方都在積極探索、攻堅(jiān)克難，發(fā)展蔬菜機(jī)械化事業(yè)既是刻不容緩，又要假以時(shí)日。
 
　　版權(quán)聲明：本文由中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(m.epigene.com.cn)原創(chuàng)，轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處。
 
　　部分資料參考：東方城鄉(xiāng)報(bào)
 

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