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“紅水澆地”引熱議,是誰(shuí)污染了農(nóng)業(yè)用水?

2018-04-08 16:28:48 來(lái)源:中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 作者:林言 閱讀量:51691 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:近日,一段農(nóng)民用紅色水澆地的視頻在網(wǎng)上熱傳,引發(fā)了社會(huì)關(guān)注。視頻中,一口水井不斷地向外泛出紅色的井水,井水沿著溝渠流進(jìn)了周?chē)柠湹?,而此時(shí)正值忙碌的春耕時(shí)節(jié),不少農(nóng)民正使用這些紅水澆灌農(nóng)田。

  【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 近日,一段農(nóng)民用紅色水澆地的視頻在網(wǎng)上熱傳,引發(fā)了社會(huì)關(guān)注。視頻中,一口水井不斷地向外泛出紅色的井水,井水沿著溝渠流進(jìn)了周?chē)柠湹?,而此時(shí)正值忙碌的春耕時(shí)節(jié),不少農(nóng)民正使用這些紅水澆灌農(nóng)田。據(jù)了解,這口水井位于河北邢臺(tái)市寧晉縣南丁曹一村,是附近一化工企業(yè)利用滲坑排放有害物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致井水變紅。目前,該企業(yè)已被限令停產(chǎn),相關(guān)涉案人員已歸案。
 
        農(nóng)業(yè)用水是被誰(shuí)污染的?
 
  筆者了解到,上文提到的滲坑又叫滲井,是挖在地面以下用來(lái)排除地面積水或管道污水的坑,導(dǎo)入坑中的水通過(guò)坑底和坑壁滲入土壤,如果是工業(yè)廢水,極易造成地下水污染。部分中小型工業(yè)企業(yè)為了降低生產(chǎn)成本,不顧環(huán)境污染,將產(chǎn)生的廢水未加處理通過(guò)滲井、滲坑違法向地下排放,直接污染地下水。
 
  除工業(yè)污染外,農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染也是造成地下水污染的重要因素。據(jù)了解,2017年我國(guó)的化肥和農(nóng)藥利用率僅為37.8%和38.8%,遠(yuǎn)低于歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。過(guò)量施用的化肥和農(nóng)藥在降水或灌溉過(guò)程中,通過(guò)農(nóng)田地表徑流、排水和地下滲漏,大量進(jìn)入土壤和地下水從而造成污染。
 
  許多地區(qū)被嚴(yán)重污染的地下水已不適宜人類(lèi)接觸,更不用說(shuō)飲用和灌溉,尤其在農(nóng)業(yè)大省,如果發(fā)生地下水污染,會(huì)對(duì)農(nóng)作物生長(zhǎng)、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重影響。
 
  水污染對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)有什么危害?
 
  水資源受到污染之后不僅使農(nóng)業(yè)可利用水資源變少,而且從各種途徑對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生影響,包括直接影響農(nóng)作物本身生長(zhǎng)、污染土壤從而間接影響農(nóng)作物生長(zhǎng)、對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)造成影響從而產(chǎn)生食品安全問(wèn)題,間接影響人畜健康等。具體包括:
 
  1、重金屬的危害
 
  各種金屬礦山、冶煉廠、電鍍廠等的廢水中,含有銅、鋅、鎘、鎳等重金屬或砷及其它元素,這些廢水不僅對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)造成影響,還通過(guò)食物鏈在人體內(nèi)富集,引發(fā)癌癥和其他疾病。由重金屬引起的受害事故較多,引起了相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的公害問(wèn)題。
 
  2、氮過(guò)量危害
 
  作物生育必須吸收大量氮素,但灌溉水中若含氮過(guò)多,可造成作物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)失調(diào),導(dǎo)致徒長(zhǎng)、倒伏,抗逆性差,易發(fā)生病害,成熟不良等問(wèn)題,從而使作物減產(chǎn),品質(zhì)惡化。
 
  3、鹽分的危害
 
  含鹽量高的各種廢水會(huì)對(duì)水稻造成嚴(yán)重危害,能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)使水稻全部葉子失水干枯致死。
 
  4、酸堿危害
 
  各種工業(yè)企業(yè)的排水,常含較強(qiáng)的酸性或堿性,如造紙廠的廢水堿性很強(qiáng),硫化物礦排水,水泥、水壩施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)排水等均含大量的酸、堿。這些有害物質(zhì)會(huì)抑制農(nóng)作物生長(zhǎng),導(dǎo)致?tīng)I(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏癥狀發(fā)生,從而使農(nóng)作物減產(chǎn)。
 
  減量農(nóng)藥化肥 還原“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”
 
  水污染對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)具有巨大的危害,我國(guó)不僅需要杜絕工業(yè)用水污染,積極進(jìn)行工業(yè)廢水的處理,同時(shí),減少農(nóng)業(yè)面源方面的水污染,加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)方面水污染的治理也至關(guān)重要。有專(zhuān)家指出,站在農(nóng)業(yè)角度,實(shí)施化肥農(nóng)藥減量提效、推廣節(jié)水灌溉迫在眉睫。
 
  自農(nóng)業(yè)部大力開(kāi)展化肥農(nóng)藥使用量零增長(zhǎng)行動(dòng)以來(lái),目前我國(guó)已提前實(shí)現(xiàn)了到2020年化肥農(nóng)藥零增長(zhǎng)目標(biāo)。結(jié)合我國(guó)當(dāng)前水污染、土壤污染現(xiàn)狀,接下來(lái)進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)化肥農(nóng)藥減量增效、實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色興農(nóng)是主要任務(wù)。
 
  在減少污染的同時(shí),節(jié)約農(nóng)業(yè)用水同樣重要。農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉方面,相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的粗放型大水漫灌,節(jié)水灌溉不僅可以節(jié)約用地、使農(nóng)作物增產(chǎn),更能大大提高水資源利用率。因此大力推廣節(jié)水灌溉,全面提高農(nóng)業(yè)用水效率和效益,不僅能緩解我國(guó)目前水資源緊張問(wèn)題,更能促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
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