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黃淮海洪澇災(zāi)害后玉米等主要農(nóng)作物病蟲害防治技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2021-07-28 09:12:42 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司 閱讀量：17820 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：近期以來，受強(qiáng)降雨和臺(tái)風(fēng)影響，河南、河北等黃淮海部分地區(qū)田間積水較多、澇漬嚴(yán)重，導(dǎo)致玉米、花生、大豆蔬菜等農(nóng)作物長勢弱、傷口多、抗性差，適宜多種病蟲害發(fā)生流行。為做好洪澇災(zāi)后農(nóng)作物病蟲害防控工作，減輕災(zāi)害損失，現(xiàn)提出如下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

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　　近期以來，受強(qiáng)降雨和臺(tái)風(fēng)影響，河南、河北等黃淮海部分地區(qū)田間積水較多、澇漬嚴(yán)重，導(dǎo)致玉米、花生、大豆蔬菜等農(nóng)作物長勢弱、傷口多、抗性差，適宜多種病蟲害發(fā)生流行。為做好洪澇災(zāi)后農(nóng)作物病蟲害防控工作，減輕災(zāi)害損失，現(xiàn)提出如下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
　　一、防治要點(diǎn)
 
　　（一）玉米病蟲害。大雨、泥沙、漬澇等易造成玉米植株受傷，抗性變?nèi)?。各地要在排澇除濕、中耕松土，噴施氨基寡糖素、蕓薹素內(nèi)酯等免疫誘抗或生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，增強(qiáng)作物抗性的基礎(chǔ)上，針對(duì)玉米基腐病、葉斑病、枯萎病等細(xì)菌性病害可能重發(fā)的情況，及時(shí)噴施嘧啶核苷類抗菌素、井岡霉素等藥劑進(jìn)行防治。針對(duì)瘤黑粉病、褐斑病、小斑病、紋枯病、銹病等真菌病害，可選用多菌靈、吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇等藥劑進(jìn)行防治。對(duì)于草地貪夜蛾、棉鈴蟲等遷飛性害蟲，可選用氯蟲苯甲酰胺、甲維鹽等推薦用藥進(jìn)行防治。
 
　　（二）花生病蟲害。雨后驟晴，田間高溫高濕易導(dǎo)致花生葉斑病、果腐病、白絹病，以及棉鈴蟲、斜紋夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾等食葉害蟲的發(fā)生，要立即組織開展易發(fā)病蟲害防治。對(duì)于花生葉部病害可選用聯(lián)苯三唑醇、氟環(huán)唑、烯唑醇、三唑酮等殺菌劑進(jìn)行葉面噴霧防治；花生果腐病可選用多菌靈、嘧菌酯、三唑酮、多抗霉素等噴霧防治；白絹病可選用氟酰胺、噻呋酰胺等殺菌劑兌水噴淋植株莖基部；棉鈴蟲、斜紋夜蛾等食葉害蟲，可用氯蟲苯甲酰胺、甲維鹽等葉面噴霧。病蟲害發(fā)生嚴(yán)重時(shí)，在第一次施藥7—10天后再噴施一次。
 
　　（三）大豆病蟲害。洪水過后，田間濕度大，易滋生病蟲害。黃淮地區(qū)要重點(diǎn)防治大豆根腐病、銹病、霜霉病、灰斑病和蚜蟲、豆莢螟、食心蟲等病蟲害。可選用精甲霜靈·咯菌腈、吡唑·氟環(huán)唑、苯甲·丙環(huán)唑、嘧菌酯、多菌靈等殺菌劑，吡蟲啉等殺蟲劑，進(jìn)行噴霧防治。此外，災(zāi)后大豆長勢弱、持續(xù)高溫等易引起大豆癥青，可葉面噴施硼肥和氨基酸、氨基寡糖、香菇多糖、魚蛋白等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)或免疫誘抗劑，增強(qiáng)植物自身抗逆能力。同時(shí)，選用噻蟲胺、呋蟲胺等防治點(diǎn)蜂緣蝽、飛虱、薊馬等介質(zhì)害蟲。
 
　　（四）蔬菜病害。水災(zāi)導(dǎo)致蔬菜植株受損、抵抗力弱，加之田間高溫高濕，極有利于瓜類、茄果類、十字花科、豆科蔬菜的多種病害發(fā)生。要在及時(shí)疏通排水、中耕松土的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)長勢差、植株抵抗力弱的田塊，及時(shí)噴施氨基寡糖素、赤·吲乙·蕓苔等免疫誘抗劑增強(qiáng)植株抗病性。要堅(jiān)持預(yù)防為主的原則，雨后及時(shí)噴施代森錳鋅、百菌清、代森鋅等保護(hù)性殺菌劑預(yù)防病害的發(fā)生。針對(duì)漬水后疫病、莖基腐病、青枯病、根腐病等土傳病害高發(fā)態(tài)勢，及時(shí)采用枯草芽孢桿菌、多粘類芽孢桿菌、蠟質(zhì)芽孢桿菌、木霉菌、噁霉靈、多菌靈、福美雙等藥劑進(jìn)行灌根或潑澆處理。針對(duì)葉果等部位病害，在霜霉病、疫病、炭疽病等真菌性病害發(fā)生初期，噴施寡雄腐霉、多抗霉素、烯酰嗎啉、氟吡菌胺·烯酰嗎啉、霜霉威、吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲環(huán)唑、醚菌酯、嘧菌酯等藥劑進(jìn)行防治；針對(duì)軟腐病、細(xì)菌性角斑病等細(xì)菌性病害可噴施中生菌素、噻霉酮、噻唑鋅、氫氧化銅、琥膠肥酸銅、喹啉酮等藥劑防治。用藥時(shí)要注意交替用藥和用藥安全間隔期。
 
　　二、注意事項(xiàng)
 
　　（一）注意科學(xué)用藥。災(zāi)后田間積水較多、土壤濕度較大地塊不適宜人工和大型機(jī)械下田作業(yè)，可選用植保無人機(jī)等航空植保器械噴灑作業(yè)，畝噴液量不低于1.5升，并在藥液中添加植物油類、有機(jī)硅類和聚合物類的沉降劑、抗蒸發(fā)劑等適宜飛防的助劑。較干燥的田塊大面積作業(yè)可選用地面自走式噴桿噴霧機(jī)，畝噴液量一般控制在10—15升，小面積作業(yè)可采用人工背負(fù)式噴霧器，畝噴液量一般控制在15升左右。應(yīng)選擇在上午5—9點(diǎn)、下午4—8點(diǎn)施藥。遇風(fēng)力大于3級(jí)以上或下雨天氣，應(yīng)停止施藥。
 
　　（二）注意個(gè)人防護(hù)。高溫高濕天氣田間施藥容易發(fā)生中暑和中毒事故，要注意穿戴好防護(hù)服、口罩、手套等防護(hù)用品，做好施藥安全防護(hù)。施藥過程中不吃東西、不吸煙，施藥后要及時(shí)洗手、洗澡、換衣，并將噴霧器械清洗干凈。

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