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七大舉措保護(hù)“耕地中的大熊貓”，吉林省出臺黑土地保護(hù)工程方案

2021-11-03 13:59:55 來源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：31863 評論

導(dǎo)讀：2021年，建設(shè)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田300萬畝以上(含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化示范-黑土地保護(hù)建設(shè)項目120萬畝)，治理侵蝕溝229條，實施保護(hù)性耕作等秸稈還田2000萬畝和“有機(jī)肥 深翻還田”500萬畝。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 為進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)典型黑土區(qū)耕地保護(hù)，持續(xù)提高糧食穩(wěn)產(chǎn)增產(chǎn)能力，吉林省人民政府辦公廳印發(fā)了《吉林省黑土地保護(hù)工程實施方案(2021-2025年)》(以下簡稱《實施方案》)。
 
　　《實施方案》明確了工作目標(biāo)，在典型黑土區(qū)22個重點(diǎn)縣(市、區(qū))劃定黑土區(qū)耕地保護(hù)區(qū)，總面積不低于2500萬畝，連續(xù)5年采取工程、農(nóng)藝、生物等綜合措施進(jìn)行保護(hù)。
 
　　2021年，建設(shè)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田300萬畝以上(含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化示范-黑土地保護(hù)建設(shè)項目120萬畝)，治理侵蝕溝229條，實施保護(hù)性耕作等秸稈還田2000萬畝和“有機(jī)肥+深翻還田”500萬畝。
 
　　到2025年，累計新建高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田1240萬畝以上(含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化示范-黑土地保護(hù)建設(shè)項目面積600萬畝)，治理侵蝕溝1120條，實施保護(hù)性耕作等秸稈還田1億畝次和“有機(jī)肥+深翻還田”2500萬畝，實現(xiàn)耕地質(zhì)量明顯提升，土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量平均增加1g/kg，旱田、水田耕作層分別平均達(dá)到30厘米和20厘米以上，耕地“變薄、變瘦、變硬”退化趨勢得到有效遏制，水土流失防治取得初步成效，黑土地保護(hù)利用長效機(jī)制基本形成。
 
　　方案實施內(nèi)容包括：
 
　　(一)突出抓好秸稈還田。在適宜區(qū)域全面推廣保護(hù)性耕作“梨樹模式”，對保護(hù)性耕作農(nóng)機(jī)具優(yōu)先補(bǔ)貼，支持具備條件的縣(市、區(qū))整縣推進(jìn)，積極建設(shè)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)示范應(yīng)用基地。因地制宜推廣應(yīng)用秸稈深翻還田，優(yōu)化耕作制度，適宜地區(qū)改春整地為秋整地，在旱地采取秋季收獲后實施秸稈機(jī)械粉碎翻壓或碎混還田，水田采取秋季收獲時直接秸稈粉碎翻埋還田。
 
　　(二)穩(wěn)步實施有機(jī)肥施用。探索有機(jī)肥(農(nóng)家肥)施用補(bǔ)貼政策機(jī)制，重點(diǎn)實施“有機(jī)肥+深翻還田”為主的綜合技術(shù)模式，將有機(jī)肥田間貯存和堆漚用地按設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)用地管理。鼓勵新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營主體發(fā)展種養(yǎng)循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)，開展畜禽糞便、作物秸稈等堆漚腐熟和就地就近施用。探索有機(jī)肥與微生物肥料配合施用，提高土壤肥力。
 
　　(三)大力開展高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田建設(shè)。突出“田、土、水、路、林、電、技、管”綜合配套，重點(diǎn)實施農(nóng)田土地平整、田間機(jī)耕路、灌排渠道、岸坡防護(hù)、溝道治理、農(nóng)田電網(wǎng)等綜合設(shè)施建設(shè)。加快高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田示范區(qū)建設(shè)，打造一批高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、綠色生態(tài)、適宜全程機(jī)械化作業(yè)、集中連片的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田示范樣板。
 
　　(四)持續(xù)強(qiáng)化農(nóng)田水土保持。開展侵蝕溝綜合治理，采取修建谷坊、溝頭防護(hù)、截水溝、溝道灘岸防護(hù)、支毛溝治理及相關(guān)林草措施，遏制侵蝕溝道發(fā)展。開展坡耕地綜合治理，重點(diǎn)推行“二改一修”建設(shè)，對坡度6度以下漫川漫崗耕地推行保土耕作和等高改壟，種植地埂生物籬帶；對坡度6度以上坡地區(qū)域，修筑等高U型溝，種植灌木防沖帶；對溝毀耕地實施“一修”，修筑滲井、秸稈填埋溝道、上層覆土，恢復(fù)墾殖。
 
　　(五)積極抓好農(nóng)田環(huán)境治理。全面實施測土配方施肥，每年采集測試土壤樣本，到2025年，重點(diǎn)縣(市、區(qū))項目區(qū)實現(xiàn)測土配方施肥技術(shù)全覆蓋，化肥利用率穩(wěn)定在40%以上。大力推進(jìn)專業(yè)化統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治和綠色防控，推廣生物防治、物理防治、健康栽培等綠色防控技術(shù)及高效低風(fēng)險農(nóng)藥，到2025年，農(nóng)藥利用率穩(wěn)定在40%以上。開展鹽堿地改良示范，在西部地區(qū)選擇3個縣(市、區(qū))建設(shè)鹽堿化土壤改良治理示范區(qū)，綜合應(yīng)用物理、化學(xué)、生物等改良措施，探索治理修復(fù)綜合技術(shù)模式，改善土壤理化性狀，降低耕層含鹽量和堿化度，連續(xù)實施5年，到2025年底建成示范面積6萬畝。
 
　　(六)加快完善農(nóng)田防護(hù)林建設(shè)。在不違規(guī)占用現(xiàn)有耕地前提下，深入實施中西部農(nóng)田防護(hù)林網(wǎng)修復(fù)完善工程。對防護(hù)功能低下的退化防護(hù)林帶進(jìn)行修復(fù)改造，逐步提高質(zhì)量，增強(qiáng)防護(hù)效能。對生理成過熟林帶進(jìn)行采伐更新，建設(shè)新一代防護(hù)林，調(diào)整優(yōu)化防護(hù)林網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)，形成完備的農(nóng)田防護(hù)林體系。2021年完成退化林帶修復(fù)改造1.9萬畝、成過熟林帶采伐更新1.2萬畝，到2025年累計完成退化林帶修復(fù)改造8萬畝、成過熟林帶采伐更新5萬畝。
 
　　(七)著力加強(qiáng)耕地質(zhì)量監(jiān)測。加快構(gòu)建成熟、完善的耕地質(zhì)量監(jiān)測評價體系。建立健全耕地質(zhì)量長期定位監(jiān)測點(diǎn)和調(diào)查點(diǎn)，依托科研教學(xué)單位，分類型建立黑土地保護(hù)利用長期監(jiān)測研究站。探索利用地理信息系統(tǒng)、空間定位技術(shù)和遙感技術(shù)等現(xiàn)代化手段，構(gòu)建多源數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測體系，針對耕地質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定性指標(biāo)、易變性指標(biāo)，科學(xué)分析耕地質(zhì)量變化趨勢。探索建立黑土地保護(hù)工程實施效果第三方評價機(jī)制，對項目區(qū)開展執(zhí)行期和任務(wù)完成時的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量評價，監(jiān)測工程實施效果。
 
　　本文由農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(m.epigene.com.cn)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：吉林省政府網(wǎng)。

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