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農(nóng)機(jī)裝備補(bǔ)短板（一）：如何提高丘陵山區(qū)機(jī)械化水平？

2021-12-07 17:12:02 來源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 閱讀量：54836 評論

導(dǎo)讀：在農(nóng)機(jī)化水平不斷提升的同時(shí)，也應(yīng)注意到一些短板弱項(xiàng)急需解決，如丘陵山區(qū)機(jī)械化水平總體較低、高端智能農(nóng)機(jī)比例較小、畜牧水產(chǎn)智能化綠色化裝備短缺、部分農(nóng)作物播種收獲環(huán)節(jié)機(jī)具研發(fā)不足等

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 當(dāng)前，我國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)已進(jìn)入機(jī)械化主導(dǎo)階段，近些年農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平持續(xù)提升。據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部數(shù)據(jù)，2020年，我國主要糧食作物耕種收綜合機(jī)械化率均超過80%，我國目前已成為世界第一農(nóng)機(jī)制造大國和使用大國。
 
　　在農(nóng)機(jī)化水平不斷提升的同時(shí)，也應(yīng)注意到一些短板弱項(xiàng)急需解決，如丘陵山區(qū)機(jī)械化水平總體較低、高端智能農(nóng)機(jī)比例較小、畜牧水產(chǎn)智能化綠色化裝備短缺、部分農(nóng)作物播種收獲環(huán)節(jié)機(jī)具研發(fā)不足等，這些短板阻礙了農(nóng)業(yè)全程全面機(jī)械化進(jìn)程。農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部和工信部近日聯(lián)合召開農(nóng)機(jī)裝備補(bǔ)短板工作推進(jìn)會議，強(qiáng)調(diào)瞄準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)需求，著眼全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈強(qiáng)化農(nóng)機(jī)裝備研發(fā)制造和推廣應(yīng)用，加快補(bǔ)齊短板弱項(xiàng)，促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化轉(zhuǎn)型升級，更好支撐全面推進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村振興、加快農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化。
 
       
       本期文章將針對丘陵山區(qū)機(jī)械化短板進(jìn)行探討。
 
　　丘陵山區(qū)是我國糧油糖和特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的重要生產(chǎn)基地，也是貧困人口的集中地，分布在19個(gè)省區(qū)市的1400多個(gè)縣市區(qū)。其耕地面積、農(nóng)作物播種面積均占全國的三分之一。長期以來，受自然條件限制，丘陵山區(qū)地塊零散，地塊不規(guī)則且坡陡坎高，田間缺乏機(jī)耕道路，田塊細(xì)碎、高低不平，導(dǎo)致“牛進(jìn)得去、鐵牛進(jìn)不去”，農(nóng)機(jī)“下田難”“作業(yè)難”。2019年，丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)作物耕種收機(jī)械化率只有48%，比全國平均水平低22個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。
 
　　在丘陵山區(qū)，與經(jīng)濟(jì)作物、特色作物相適用的農(nóng)機(jī)具并不多。在這點(diǎn)上，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人曾表示，要引導(dǎo)科研單位和企業(yè)研發(fā)推廣特色作物生產(chǎn)、特產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖需要的高效農(nóng)機(jī)。大力開展丘陵山區(qū)適用農(nóng)機(jī)專項(xiàng)鑒定工作，引導(dǎo)和促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新成果轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用，增加特色農(nóng)機(jī)具供給。
 
　　尤其在農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼上，發(fā)揮好農(nóng)機(jī)購置與應(yīng)用補(bǔ)貼政策導(dǎo)向作用，進(jìn)一步突出穩(wěn)產(chǎn)保供和支持自主創(chuàng)新，支持短板機(jī)具優(yōu)先開展專項(xiàng)鑒定，加大補(bǔ)貼力度，加快資金兌付進(jìn)度。當(dāng)前，多個(gè)省份已將丘陵地區(qū)特色產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展所需新型機(jī)具納入農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼范圍。
 
　　除相關(guān)機(jī)具短板要補(bǔ)齊外，針對丘陵山區(qū)的宜機(jī)化改造工程也是重要途徑之一。想要突破自然環(huán)境的限制，進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)農(nóng)機(jī)化進(jìn)程，需要進(jìn)行土地宜機(jī)化改造，改變地貌，讓土地適應(yīng)更先進(jìn)、效率更高的大型農(nóng)機(jī)。重慶市作為典型的丘陵山區(qū)，率先在全國探索推進(jìn)農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化示范改造成效明顯，近年來在全國丘陵山區(qū)大范圍推廣。實(shí)踐證明，開展農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造是改善丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)通行作業(yè)條件、破解農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化和農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展最大短板的有效路徑，是推動農(nóng)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的一項(xiàng)重大基礎(chǔ)性工程。
 
　　2014年以來，重慶市開展了農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造試驗(yàn)、試點(diǎn)和推廣工作。截至2020年3月底，全市農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造面積達(dá)到58萬畝。農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造助推了當(dāng)?shù)厮?、油菜、馬鈴薯、高粱等主要農(nóng)作物及柑橘、榨菜、花椒、茶葉、牧草、中藥材等特色經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的全面全程機(jī)械化。改造之后的地塊機(jī)器能穿梭自如、目標(biāo)作物機(jī)械操作逮及，一般水田畝均節(jié)本350元、旱地節(jié)本500元以上。2021年開始，重慶市財(cái)政每年拿出2億資金用于農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造。
 
　　據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，近兩年重慶、山西、湖北、湖南、廣西、甘肅等省份共計(jì)投入資金76億元，完成農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造面積近350萬畝，目前丘陵山區(qū)累計(jì)改造面積達(dá)790萬畝。

上一篇： 農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)短板（二）： 補(bǔ)齊特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品機(jī)械化短板，讓農(nóng)機(jī)賦能特色產(chǎn)業(yè)

下一篇：CVT熱潮下：國產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)無級變速升級“雛形初現(xiàn)”

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