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2024年全國冬小麥春季田間管理技術(shù)意見

2024-02-02 10:47:11 來源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部 閱讀量:21119 評論

導(dǎo)讀:針對當(dāng)前冬小麥苗情長勢和氣候特點(diǎn),各地要堅(jiān)持“抓住兩頭、促弱控旺,肥水調(diào)控、穩(wěn)穗增粒,防凍抗旱、防治病蟲”,加強(qiáng)春季麥田管理,促進(jìn)長勢均衡,搭好豐收架子,全力奪取夏糧豐產(chǎn)豐收。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】“立春”將至,主產(chǎn)區(qū)冬小麥即將陸續(xù)返青,正是抓好春季田間管理、促進(jìn)苗情轉(zhuǎn)化升級的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期??傮w看,主產(chǎn)區(qū)小麥群體較足,個(gè)體發(fā)育較好,土壤底墑較充足;但也存在局地旺弱苗并存、不平衡性大,冬前化除面積小、雜草滋生明顯,早春溫度變幅大、倒春寒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高等問題,對抓好麥田管理帶來不利影響。針對當(dāng)前冬小麥苗情長勢和氣候特點(diǎn),各地要堅(jiān)持“抓住兩頭、促弱控旺,肥水調(diào)控、穩(wěn)穗增粒,防凍抗旱、防治病蟲”,加強(qiáng)春季麥田管理,促進(jìn)長勢均衡,搭好豐收架子,全力奪取夏糧豐產(chǎn)豐收。
 
  一、黃淮海冬麥區(qū)
 
  本區(qū)域小麥適期播種面積比例較常年增加,冬前和冬季雨雪充足,地溫適宜,土壤墑情好,苗情好于常年。目前本區(qū)域存在的不利因素:一是部分田塊苗情兩極分化現(xiàn)象明顯,旺苗和弱苗“兩頭苗”并存現(xiàn)象較為突出;二是病蟲草害隱患較大,個(gè)別田塊已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)莖基腐病、紋枯病、蚜蟲等,部分未進(jìn)行播后封閉處理和冬前化除的田塊雜草較重,春季化除壓力增大;三是早春溫度呈波動態(tài)勢,“倒春寒”風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高。春管要因苗施策、促控結(jié)合、分類管理,防凍抗旱。
 
  (一)因地因苗,調(diào)控肥水。對旺苗,返青至起身期采取鎮(zhèn)壓或深鋤斷根,抑制分蘗滋生,旺長嚴(yán)重地塊可鎮(zhèn)壓2—3次;也可在起身期進(jìn)行化學(xué)調(diào)控,適度控制生長預(yù)防后期倒伏;推遲春季肥水管理,在拔節(jié)后期追肥澆水,一般畝施尿素8—10公斤;對冬前過旺、返青后有脫肥現(xiàn)象麥田,在拔節(jié)前期或中期因苗追肥澆水。對弱苗,開春后及早中耕劃鋤,提溫保墑、促苗早發(fā);返青到拔節(jié)期結(jié)合春灌分別追肥二銨或尿素,或借助春季雨(雪)追肥以促進(jìn)小麥生長,一般畝追施二銨和尿素總量不超過15公斤,要避免澆水過早導(dǎo)致地溫低而延遲返青。對壯苗,于起身后期至拔節(jié)期因墑灌水追肥,一般結(jié)合澆水畝施尿素6—10公斤,促進(jìn)小麥穩(wěn)健生長。對無灌溉條件麥田,應(yīng)在小麥返青后至起身期趁墑畝追施尿素10公斤左右,并配施適量磷酸二銨,促春生分蘗早發(fā)快長。對凍害較重麥田,在土壤解凍后及時(shí)追肥,一般每畝施尿素8—10公斤左右,缺磷地塊畝施氮磷復(fù)合肥15公斤左右,促進(jìn)分蘗成穗。在拔節(jié)期再根據(jù)苗情酌情追施氮肥或氮磷復(fù)合肥,提高穗粒數(shù)。
 
  (二)鎮(zhèn)壓劃鋤,保墑增溫。早春鎮(zhèn)壓可壓碎土塊,彌封裂縫,沉實(shí)冬季凍融疏松的土壤,改善墑情,使土壤與根系密接起來,有利于根系吸收養(yǎng)分;鋤地能提高地溫,減少土壤水分蒸發(fā)。鎮(zhèn)壓和劃鋤結(jié)合進(jìn)行,先壓后鋤,達(dá)到土壤上松下實(shí)、提墑保墑增溫、抗旱促苗早發(fā)的作用。對吊根苗和耕種粗放、坷垃較多、秸稈還田導(dǎo)致土壤塇松的麥田,在早春土壤化凍后補(bǔ)灌,抗旱保苗。對沒有水澆條件的旱地麥田,土壤化凍后及時(shí)鎮(zhèn)壓,促土壤下層水分向上移動,起到提墑、保墑、抗旱的作用。對冬前和越冬期凍害較重的麥田,要及早采取促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯管理措施,早春適時(shí)摟麥或劃鋤,去除枯葉,促新生葉早生快發(fā)。
 
  (三)抓早抓小,防治病蟲。加強(qiáng)病蟲草害預(yù)警預(yù)報(bào),科學(xué)制定防治預(yù)案,指導(dǎo)農(nóng)民科學(xué)選藥、安全用藥,及時(shí)防治、聯(lián)防聯(lián)治、統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。返青后及早抓好莖基腐病、紋枯病、麥蚜、麥蜘蛛等病蟲害的防控。提早做好小麥條銹病等病害的預(yù)防控制。抽穗揚(yáng)花期要全面預(yù)防赤霉病,開花與灌漿期做好“一噴三防”。關(guān)注多花黑麥草、雀麥、節(jié)節(jié)麥、看麥娘、豬秧秧等惡性雜草蔓延趨勢,對冬前未進(jìn)行化除的麥田,當(dāng)日平均氣溫穩(wěn)定通過6℃以后,選擇晴好天氣于上午10點(diǎn)至下午4點(diǎn),及時(shí)化學(xué)除草,根據(jù)田間雜草種類選擇適宜除草劑,并嚴(yán)格按照要求操作,以免發(fā)生凍藥害。
 
  (四)以水調(diào)溫,防范凍害。早春要注意天氣預(yù)報(bào),提前做好“倒春寒”防控準(zhǔn)備。在低溫天氣來臨前,對土壤塇松、尚未拔節(jié)的麥田進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)壓,彌補(bǔ)土壤縫隙,防止透風(fēng)跑墑,亦可控制旺長;對缺墑麥田,寒潮到來前提前灌水,改善土壤墑情,調(diào)節(jié)土溫和近地層小氣候,緩沖降溫影響,預(yù)防凍害發(fā)生;對已拔節(jié)或孕穗抽穗小麥可通過根外噴施磷酸二氫鉀及生長調(diào)節(jié)劑,減輕低溫影響。寒潮過后2—3天,及時(shí)調(diào)查幼穗受凍情況,一旦發(fā)生凍害,要及時(shí)采取追肥、葉面噴肥等措施,分類施肥補(bǔ)救。對莖蘗幼穗凍死率10%—30%的麥田畝施尿素5公斤左右,凍死率30%—50%的麥田畝施尿素7—10公斤,凍死率50%以上的麥田畝施尿素12—15公斤,促進(jìn)恢復(fù)生長。
 
  二、長江中下游冬麥區(qū)
 
  本區(qū)域小麥適期播種比例較常年高,苗情基礎(chǔ)總體較好,冬季降水適宜,溫度較高,越冬期平均增加1個(gè)葉齡左右。存在的不利因素:一是播期持續(xù)期偏長,苗情復(fù)雜,有一定比例旺長苗,部分晚播麥苗小苗弱,苗情兩極分化明顯;二是氣候變化異常,氣溫波動態(tài)勢明顯,春季凍害、倒伏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大,個(gè)別溝系配套較差的麥田已出現(xiàn)漬害;三是但由于冬前溫度變幅大,化除面積比例小,部分稻茬麥田雜草較多,條銹病發(fā)生偏早,赤霉病呈常發(fā)、重發(fā)態(tài)勢,防控難度大。春管要堅(jiān)持“高效施肥、控旺促弱、綠色防控、抗逆保豐”的技術(shù)途徑,加強(qiáng)因地因苗分類管理。
 
  (一)穩(wěn)壯保優(yōu),合理施肥。對群體莖蘗數(shù)適宜的壯苗麥田,在葉色正常褪淡、基部第二節(jié)間開始伸長時(shí)追施拔節(jié)肥,一般可畝施尿素5—8公斤和三元高效復(fù)合肥(含量15:15:15)10—15公斤。高產(chǎn)攻關(guān)麥田提倡施用孕穗肥,掌握在劍葉(旗葉)露出一半時(shí)施用,一般可畝追施尿素5—10公斤,有顯著的增粒、增重效果。對弱筋小麥,氮肥適度前移,以施用拔節(jié)肥為主。為避免因施肥過量導(dǎo)致小麥貪青、倒伏,務(wù)必掌握好追肥時(shí)期和總量。對有轉(zhuǎn)旺風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的麥田,要通過鎮(zhèn)壓、化控等措施控旺促壯,并適當(dāng)推遲施肥,保苗穩(wěn)健生長。
 
  (二)控旺促弱,優(yōu)化群體。對群體偏小、穗數(shù)可能不足的弱小苗和脫肥嚴(yán)重麥田,采取“以促為主”的策略,一般可畝施尿素5公斤和三元高效復(fù)合肥15公斤;在倒2葉末至劍葉期再畝追施尿素5—8公斤,有利于防早衰,高產(chǎn)、提質(zhì)、增效。對群體過大、有倒伏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的麥田,應(yīng)采取“以控為主”的策略,強(qiáng)化控旺防倒措施的應(yīng)用,一是要適時(shí)鎮(zhèn)壓,旺長苗拔節(jié)前要及時(shí)鎮(zhèn)壓,連續(xù)鎮(zhèn)壓2—3次,土壤過濕、葉片潮濕、封凍、鹽堿土等情況下不宜鎮(zhèn)壓,拔節(jié)后的小麥不能鎮(zhèn)壓;二是可在倒5葉至倒4葉初,葉面噴施生長抑制劑,控旺防倒伏;三是嚴(yán)格控制早春施肥,適當(dāng)推遲拔節(jié)肥的施用,優(yōu)化群體結(jié)構(gòu),為豐產(chǎn)奠定基礎(chǔ)。
 
  (三)適時(shí)化除,防控病蟲。春季要根據(jù)草相選擇適宜除草劑,及時(shí)進(jìn)行化學(xué)除草、控制雜草為害,要注意安全用藥、防止低溫藥害。要注意加強(qiáng)紋枯病、白粉病、赤霉病、銹病、蚜蟲等病蟲害的防治,對病蟲防治要選擇對路藥劑,及時(shí)用藥、用對藥劑、足量用藥;白粉病、紋枯病主要是防止過遲防治,赤霉病要抓住防治關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,做到見花打藥。要密切監(jiān)控并及時(shí)防治草地貪夜蛾。突出強(qiáng)化“一噴三防”工作,抽穗后注意結(jié)合病蟲防治進(jìn)行藥肥混噴,可一噴多防、保綠防早衰、保粒增重。
 
  (四)疏通溝系,降漬防旱。春季要及時(shí)清溝理墑,疏通田內(nèi)外溝系,保證排水暢通,確保雨止田干、溝無積水,預(yù)防漬害發(fā)生。春后也要注意防旱,根據(jù)土壤墑情灌好拔節(jié)孕穗水。秸稈還田量大、播后鎮(zhèn)壓不到位、土壤塇松的麥田,拔節(jié)前在土壤墑情適宜時(shí),選擇晴好、無霜凍天氣盡早進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)壓,以促進(jìn)根土密接,防止失墑干凍死苗。
 
  (五)防御凍害,及早補(bǔ)救。主動做好防凍害預(yù)案,對旺長田在拔節(jié)前要適墑適時(shí)鎮(zhèn)壓、中耕或噴施化學(xué)調(diào)節(jié)劑控制旺長,防御凍害發(fā)生。在降溫之前對缺墑田塊應(yīng)及時(shí)灌水,改善土壤墑情,調(diào)節(jié)近地面層小氣候,減小溫度變幅,防御低溫凍害。對冬季已發(fā)生嚴(yán)重凍害的麥田,要及時(shí)補(bǔ)施速效氮肥促進(jìn)恢復(fù)生長,具體措施參照黃淮海冬麥區(qū)。
 
  三、西南冬麥區(qū)
 
  目前,本區(qū)域適播小麥已進(jìn)入或即將進(jìn)入拔節(jié)階段,大部土壤墑情適宜、病蟲發(fā)生較輕,苗情總體較好。但因苗期溫度偏高,生育進(jìn)程快于常年。存在的不利因素:一是生育進(jìn)程過快,麥田長勢偏旺,抵御春季低溫凍害能力減弱;二是局地麥田因播期偏遲,春季苗情轉(zhuǎn)化有難度;三是部分農(nóng)戶盲目追肥,疊加旺長因素,后期倒伏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加劇。針對本區(qū)域越冬期苗情,春季應(yīng)采取“以控為主、促控結(jié)合”的技術(shù)路徑,強(qiáng)化分類管理,搭好豐產(chǎn)架子。
 
  (一)控旺穩(wěn)長,促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯。對旺長麥田,應(yīng)在拔節(jié)前盡早實(shí)施鎮(zhèn)壓控旺或噴施生長延緩劑等措施,延緩生育進(jìn)程,降低后期凍害和倒伏風(fēng)險(xiǎn);同時(shí),取消、減少或推遲追肥,盡量不灌或少灌水。對晚播弱苗麥田,應(yīng)以促為主,畝追施尿素3—5公斤,并在適當(dāng)情況下噴施葉面肥,有利于弱苗轉(zhuǎn)化。對壯苗麥田,按既定產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)實(shí)施管理,根據(jù)播種時(shí)基肥施用情況確定追肥數(shù)量,全生育期畝施純氮總量控制在9—12公斤,肥力高、基礎(chǔ)好的取下限,地力差、苗數(shù)稍顯不足的取上限。
 
  (二)清溝理墑,降漬防旱。稻茬麥田“三溝”配套尤其重要,但生產(chǎn)中有很多的麥田沒有開好邊溝、背溝、廂溝,即使開了“三溝”也很少與田外溝渠形成互通,使得部分稻茬麥田的土壤含水量偏高,加重了漬害的發(fā)生。土壤過濕麥田更易形成弱苗,需要及時(shí)清溝降漬,改善土壤通氣性。對有漬害傾向的稻茬麥田,應(yīng)全面開溝、清溝,確保田內(nèi)溝系與田外溝渠相通;地勢偏高的旱地麥田,有條件的盡量結(jié)合追肥進(jìn)行補(bǔ)水,提升苗情質(zhì)量,抵御可能遭遇的春旱。
 
  (三)化學(xué)除草,防治病蟲。本區(qū)域目前病害較輕,但部分田塊蚜蟲、紅蜘蛛危害較重,當(dāng)前需加強(qiáng)蟲害防治。越冬期溫度偏高有利于病蟲害的冬季侵染繁殖,冬暖春早條件下,春季最易出現(xiàn)條銹病“中心病團(tuán)”,要及時(shí)預(yù)測預(yù)報(bào),加強(qiáng)巡查,處理病葉或中心病團(tuán),以防蔓延擴(kuò)散。冬前未開展化學(xué)除草麥田,如果小麥尚未拔節(jié),還可進(jìn)行化學(xué)除草,如果已經(jīng)拔節(jié),禁用除草劑。低溫極易造成除草劑藥害,應(yīng)嚴(yán)格根據(jù)不同除草劑的要求,選擇晴好天氣噴藥。
 
  (四)預(yù)防凍害,控旺防倒。對長勢偏旺麥田,根據(jù)群體狀況實(shí)施控旺,預(yù)防倒伏和低溫凍害。拔節(jié)后一旦遭遇持續(xù)多日的0℃以下低溫,小麥主莖往往會被凍死,寒潮過后應(yīng)盡快調(diào)查幼穗受凍情況,及時(shí)分類施肥補(bǔ)救,促進(jìn)恢復(fù)生長。具體措施參照黃淮海冬麥區(qū)。
 
  四、西北冬麥區(qū)
 
  本區(qū)域麥田冬前墑情較好,冬季雨水充足,目前苗情總體良好,有利于旱地小麥生長發(fā)育。存在的不利因素:一是條銹病威脅較大,冬前發(fā)生面積比上年同期明顯增加;二是氣候變化異常,部分麥田已顯旱象和凍害;三是麥苗兩極分化,灌區(qū)部分麥田有旺長現(xiàn)象,晚播麥田冬前苗小苗弱。針對本區(qū)域越冬期苗情,春季水澆地麥田管理參照黃淮海冬麥區(qū)進(jìn)行,旱地小麥春季管理要以促弱控旺和抗旱防寒為中心,做好早春鎮(zhèn)壓耙耱工作,早抓水肥,因苗施策。
 
  (一)耙耱鎮(zhèn)壓,提溫促長。入冬以來大部雨雪充足,當(dāng)前首要工作是要做好雨雪之后各類麥田的保墑工作。對墑情較好、土壤凍結(jié)的麥田,早春當(dāng)表層土壤解凍2厘米時(shí),即可采取早春頂凌耙耱措施,促進(jìn)返青早發(fā)。對降雪較少、墑情較差麥田,早春土壤全部解凍后,要及早采取鎮(zhèn)壓提墑措施,消除明暗坷垃。對于旺苗和壯苗麥田,要及早中耕和鎮(zhèn)壓。對于群體偏少、個(gè)體偏弱麥田,在早春土壤全部解凍后實(shí)施淺鋤細(xì)鋤。同時(shí),灌區(qū)在春季澆水后或雨后也要適時(shí)劃鋤,破除板結(jié)。
 
  (二)水肥管理,促弱控旺。對一類苗,突出氮肥后移;未澆冬水的一類苗麥田應(yīng)在起身前期澆水;已澆冬水的一類苗麥田,肥水條件好,返青期畝總莖蘗數(shù)可達(dá)80—90萬,可將肥水管理推遲到拔節(jié)期,控制早春分蘗,促進(jìn)個(gè)體穩(wěn)健生長。對二類苗,重點(diǎn)是適當(dāng)促進(jìn)春季分蘗,鞏固冬前分蘗,提高分蘗成穗率;未澆冬水的二類麥田應(yīng)在返青期澆水,并畝追施尿素6—8公斤;已澆冬水的二類苗麥田,應(yīng)在起身后期澆水追肥,若返青期表墑較差,可提前至起身前中期,一般結(jié)合澆水畝追施尿素5—7公斤。對三類苗,應(yīng)以促為主;未澆冬水三類苗麥田應(yīng)返青前期澆水,并結(jié)合澆水畝追施尿素5—7.5公斤,磷酸二銨5—6公斤;對于已澆冬水的三類苗麥田,加強(qiáng)返青期肥水管理,以促為主;墑情好的三類苗麥田,做好返青前期中耕鋤劃、提溫保墑促早發(fā),增加早春分蘗,起身期配合澆水,畝追施尿素7.5—10公斤,配施磷酸二銨3—5公斤,提高成穗數(shù)。旱地晚播弱苗田應(yīng)趁雨雪追肥和早春返漿期追施速效氮肥,一般畝施尿素5—7公斤,磷肥施用不足田塊可配施磷酸二銨5公斤。對旺長麥田,早春可控制肥水,起身初期采取鎮(zhèn)壓或化控措施控制旺長,在拔節(jié)后期澆水施肥,防止脫肥轉(zhuǎn)弱。
 
  (三)中耕化控,防凍抗倒。要密切關(guān)注天氣變化,做好應(yīng)對“倒春寒”的準(zhǔn)備。對土壤松塇麥田,要及早鎮(zhèn)壓;對旺長麥田,要深耘和鎮(zhèn)壓相結(jié)合,增強(qiáng)抗逆能力。有倒伏傾向的旺長麥田,返青后盡早鎮(zhèn)壓一次,同時(shí)在拔節(jié)前采取噴施壯豐安或多效唑等化控措施預(yù)防。在大幅降溫前及時(shí)灌水,平抑地溫,或采取葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀或植物細(xì)胞膜穩(wěn)態(tài)劑等生長調(diào)節(jié)劑,預(yù)防春季凍害。寒潮過后應(yīng)盡快調(diào)查幼穗受凍情況,分類施肥挽救,促進(jìn)恢復(fù)生長。
 
  (四)化學(xué)除草,防病治蟲。冬前未化學(xué)除草的麥田,要根據(jù)田間雜草種類,選擇對路除草劑,也可結(jié)合中耕劃鋤進(jìn)行人工除草。冬前灌區(qū)葉齡大于3葉、旱地葉齡大于4葉時(shí),可進(jìn)行冬前化學(xué)除草,一般選擇在噴藥前后3天內(nèi)日平均氣溫在6℃以上的晴天進(jìn)行。重點(diǎn)做好病害(條銹病、根腐病、葉銹病、紋枯病、白粉病)和蟲害(紅蜘蛛、蚜蟲)的監(jiān)測和綠色防治,拔節(jié)前做到“準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)測,帶藥偵察,發(fā)現(xiàn)一點(diǎn),控制一片”,及時(shí)指導(dǎo)農(nóng)民科學(xué)選藥、安全用藥,早防早治,統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。

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