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黑龍江省大豆中后期田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-07-31 08:44:02 來源:黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量:17766 評論

導(dǎo)讀:為進(jìn)一步做好大豆中后期田間管理,提高大豆單產(chǎn)和品質(zhì),提出以下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 目前我省大豆正值花莢期,局部毀種地塊也進(jìn)入開花期,做好中后期田間管理對保證大豆豐產(chǎn)增收至關(guān)重要。據(jù)氣象部門預(yù)測,8月份全省降水多于常年,局部區(qū)域可能發(fā)生強(qiáng)降雨,易于大豆病害的發(fā)生。為進(jìn)一步做好大豆中后期田間管理,提高大豆單產(chǎn)和品質(zhì),提出以下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
  一、抗?jié)n澇
 
  1. 加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測預(yù)報(bào)和預(yù)防工作。各級農(nóng)業(yè)部門要加強(qiáng)與氣象、水利部門會商,及時(shí)監(jiān)測預(yù)報(bào)澇害發(fā)生的時(shí)間、范圍和程度,做好預(yù)案。低洼易澇地塊,提前做好開溝、清淤、疏通溝渠河道等排水措施,減輕濕漬對根系的傷害,預(yù)防大豆倒伏。
 
  2. 補(bǔ)施肥料。受澇地塊排水后,造成土壤養(yǎng)分流失,易出現(xiàn)脫肥現(xiàn)象,要及時(shí)葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀等葉面肥,有條件的地塊也可增施硼、鉬、鋅等微量元素,連續(xù)噴施2~3次,延緩葉片功能期,?;ūGv和促進(jìn)籽粒建成,有利于產(chǎn)量形成。
 
  二、科學(xué)防控病蟲害
 
  1.病害防控。八月份多雨易誘發(fā)大豆菌核病等病害,發(fā)現(xiàn)大豆菌核病中心病株及時(shí)拔除,帶出田外深埋處理,并對中心病株周圍噴藥保護(hù)或全田施藥,防止病情擴(kuò)散,可使用腐霉利、菌核凈、咪鮮胺等藥劑進(jìn)行防治。防治大豆灰斑病、霜霉病等后期葉部病害,可使用嘧菌酯、咪鮮胺等廣譜性藥劑,做到“一噴多防”。
 
  2.蟲害防控。食心蟲是大豆后期的主要蟲害,對產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)危害較大,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)防控。對田間成蟲調(diào)查達(dá)到防治指標(biāo)的田塊,選用高效、低毒綠色農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行防控,可使用無人機(jī)航化作業(yè)、與噴施葉面肥結(jié)合,實(shí)現(xiàn)“一噴多效”。
 
  三、防倒伏
 
  根據(jù)倒伏時(shí)期和倒伏程度,因地因情施策。嚴(yán)重倒伏地塊,不要再人工扶起,以免植株折斷,造成更大的產(chǎn)量損失。輕度倒伏的可以人工適當(dāng)扶起,兩行對扶,并培土施肥,促使新根迅速下扎,可施用鉀肥增強(qiáng)大豆植株抗倒能力,盡量降低產(chǎn)量損失。
 
  四、促早熟
 
  目前毀種大豆地塊處于開花期,生育進(jìn)程延后,要及時(shí)中耕培土、防除雜草、增強(qiáng)土壤滲透性,促進(jìn)大豆生長。在大豆鼓粒期,采用噴施磷酸二氫鉀等葉面肥、補(bǔ)充硼等微量元素來緩解大豆養(yǎng)分供需矛盾,可使大豆提早成熟3~5天,防止大豆貪青、促進(jìn)籽粒飽滿。
 
  五、拔大草
 
  在大豆鼓粒期,對于田間大草比較多的地塊,草籽形成前拔一遍大草,以利于大豆通風(fēng)、透光,增加莢數(shù)和粒重,促熟增產(chǎn)。而且對于收獲、晾曬、脫粒均有益處,還可以減少下茬作物田間雜草,避免機(jī)械收獲造成“草花臉”影響大豆商品品質(zhì)。
 
  六、防早霜
 
  大豆成熟前,密切關(guān)注天氣變化趨勢,預(yù)報(bào)有早霜發(fā)生,應(yīng)在凌晨2~3時(shí),當(dāng)氣溫降到作物受害的臨界溫度1~2℃時(shí),采取人工熏煙的方法防早霜。在地塊的上風(fēng)口,放置秸稈、樹葉、雜草等點(diǎn)燃,慢慢熏燒,使大豆籠罩在煙霧中,提高近地面溫度1~2℃,改變局部環(huán)境,降低霜凍危害。熏煙堆要密,分布要均勻,盡量使煙霧控制整個(gè)田面。尤其對低洼和毀種大豆的地塊,進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)實(shí)施。
 
  七、適時(shí)收獲
 
  大豆莖稈呈棕黃色,雜有少數(shù)棕杏黃色,豆葉全部落盡,子粒已歸圓時(shí),適時(shí)進(jìn)行機(jī)械收獲,同時(shí)粉碎秸稈,實(shí)施還田。低洼地塊,在大豆成熟前及時(shí)開溝、清淤,清除田間積水,便于機(jī)車進(jìn)地適時(shí)收獲;收獲時(shí)田間仍有積水的地塊,宜采用履帶式收獲機(jī)作業(yè)。
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