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春耕生產(chǎn)機械化技術指導意見

2024-03-21 10:31:28 來源:農(nóng)機化總站 閱讀量:17740 評論

導讀:為提高春耕生產(chǎn)機械化水平和機械化技術到位率,針對南方地區(qū)水稻生產(chǎn)和北方地區(qū)春玉米(大豆)生產(chǎn)提出本技術指導意見。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關注】 當前,南方水稻、北方春玉米、春大豆正處于春耕備種的關鍵時期。為提高春耕生產(chǎn)機械化水平和機械化技術到位率,針對南方地區(qū)水稻生產(chǎn)和北方地區(qū)春玉米(大豆)生產(chǎn)提出本技術指導意見,其他地區(qū)可參照應用。
 
  一、南方地區(qū)水稻育插秧
 
  水稻機械化育秧移栽技術包括毯狀苗機械化育插秧、大缽體毯狀苗機械化育插秧、缽體苗機械化育插秧、缽體苗機械化有序拋秧等多種方式,能夠實現(xiàn)水稻穩(wěn)產(chǎn)增產(chǎn),并具有災害抵御能力強、除草劑使用少、稻谷品質(zhì)好等優(yōu)勢,對于緩解南方多熟制茬口矛盾、提高復種指數(shù)具有重要意義,是水稻機械化種植的主要發(fā)展方向,應作為主推技術重點應用。
 
  (一)耕整地
 
  應實行輪耕制度,一般三年左右開展一次翻耕作業(yè),有效提高耕層厚度。在上茬作物收獲后應及時耕翻曬垡,有條件的地區(qū)應實行冬翻田。耕整地宜采用旱耕或濕潤旋耕方式,秸稈宜還田,翻耕深度20cm以上,旋耕深度12cm以上,實現(xiàn)秸稈還田、埋茬覆蓋。翻耕或旋耕時,可施用有機肥及其它基肥,使肥料翻埋入土,與土層混合。應采用水田耙或平地打漿機平整田面,沉實后達到機械移栽作業(yè)要求。由于雙季稻區(qū)茬口緊,應及時耕整地,并留出足夠的沉實時間。
 
  耕整地宜采用橡膠履帶式農(nóng)業(yè)機械,禁止90及以上馬力輪式拖拉機開展水田機械化作業(yè),減少接地比壓,減少水田犁底層的破壞。
 
  耕整地作業(yè)質(zhì)量應達到“平整、潔凈、細碎、沉實”。加大激光、衛(wèi)星平地技術推廣應用,有利于高質(zhì)量整地和水肥藥高效利用。作業(yè)后,田塊應平整,深度一致,地表高低落差≤3cm;田面應潔凈,無殘茬、雜草等雜物;耕整后應下碎上糊,上爛下實;泥漿應沉實達到泥水分清,寸水不露泥,沉實而不板結,機械作業(yè)時不陷機、不壅泥,爭取水稻栽后早活棵、快分蘗、不僵苗的大田環(huán)境。
 
  (二)播種育秧
 
  1、品種選擇
 
  根據(jù)當?shù)貧夂驐l件、種植制度、栽插季節(jié)、生產(chǎn)模式等選擇生育期適宜、優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、抗逆、適應性好、發(fā)芽率和分蘗力較強、適于機械移栽并通過審定的主推品種;雙季稻區(qū)應統(tǒng)籌考慮早稻與晚稻品種生育期,合理搭配,確保安全抽穗,實現(xiàn)雙季機插高效生產(chǎn)。
 
  2、育秧方式
 
  培育適齡壯秧是水稻穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)的基礎。通過帶蘗標準壯秧的培育,達到預期田間栽插穴數(shù)和基本苗數(shù),使大田群體長勢均衡一致;帶蘗壯秧有利于早生快發(fā),爭取足穗,塑造壯桿大穗,使個體優(yōu)勢得到充分發(fā)揮,創(chuàng)造高產(chǎn)基礎。應選擇適宜的機械移栽育秧模式,宜采用集中育秧方式,著力提高秧苗素質(zhì)和育秧效率。集中育秧應科學布局,經(jīng)濟適用,規(guī)模適度,便于統(tǒng)一管理和方便取秧、運秧;應做好集中催芽、精量播種、暗化出苗、苗期保溫保濕和水肥藥管理,降低育秧風險,提供高素質(zhì)壯秧;特別注意預防低溫冷害和苗期病害,防止爛秧。
 
  適宜機械移栽的壯秧應根系發(fā)達、苗高適宜、莖部粗壯、葉挺色綠、青秀無病、均勻整齊。根系短、白、粗、多,盤結牢固,提起不散。毯狀秧苗葉齡3.0—4.5葉,苗高12—20cm;缽體秧苗可放寬至葉齡4.0—5.0葉,苗高12-25cm;最大不超過25cm,秧齡20—30天。移栽后發(fā)根力、抗逆性強,能夠早扎根、早活棵、早發(fā)苗。
 
  3、苗床準備
 
  按照排灌方便、背風向陽、肥力中等、便于管理的原則提前備足秧田(或大棚苗床),秧田與大田面積比一般為1:80—100,大缽體毯狀苗和缽體苗秧田與大田面積比為1:60—70。育秧床土應提前調(diào)酸、培肥和消毒,pH值一般為4.5—6.0,最大不超過6.5;有條件地區(qū)宜選用基質(zhì)育秧。如采用大田秧池育秧,應在播種前一周將秧田翻耕平整,達到“上糊下松、溝深面平、肥足草凈、軟硬適中”畦面標準,秧床頂面寬1.3—1.4m,平整光滑;秧溝寬0.25—0.30m,深0.15—0.20m;四周開較深圍溝,確保良好的通氣性、透水性,提高秧苗的抗低溫冷害能力。
 
  4、適期播種
 
  根據(jù)品種特性、早晚稻茬口期確定適宜播種期、播種量和秧齡,培育適齡壯秧;早稻根據(jù)氣象條件搶在冷尾暖頭的時間段播種,長江中下游一般安排在3月中下旬。一般根據(jù)適宜移栽期,按照秧齡20—30天倒推播種期。播種時,根據(jù)機插秧作業(yè)計劃做好分期播種育苗,防止移栽時秧苗超齡。應盡可能采用機械化精量播種方式,宜選用流水線播種,一次性完成裝土、灑水(包括消毒、施肥)、精密播種、覆蓋表土等多個環(huán)節(jié);也可選用軌道式播種機械;田間育秧可選用田間播種機械。
 
  播種前,應做好曬種、脫芒、選種、藥劑浸種和催芽等準備工作,通過機械精選種子,提升發(fā)芽率,種子發(fā)芽率、成苗率≥95%;浸種前3—5天,選晴天曬種3—4小時,雜交稻只攤開透氣,不曬種。選種可采用風選、篩選、水選等方式,水選一般用黃泥水或鹽水,溶液比重為1.05—1.10。選種后,應用清水洗凈后再浸種,宜采用浸種催芽機集中催芽,根據(jù)種子發(fā)芽要求設置好溫濕度等指標,做到“快、齊、勻、壯”,以露白破胸為宜。
 
  應選擇冷空氣結束、氣溫變暖時搶晴播種。播種前,應做好機械調(diào)試。應調(diào)整至適宜的播種量、底土量和覆土量。播種量根據(jù)品種類型、季節(jié)和秧盤規(guī)格確定,常規(guī)稻播種量(30cm行距)秧盤一般100—150g/盤,每畝25盤左右;雜交稻可根據(jù)品種特性適當減少播種量,一般70—90g/盤;窄行(25cm行距)秧盤按寬行(30cm行距)秧盤的面積作相應的減量調(diào)整;播種應精量均勻、不重不漏。底土厚度一般為2.2—2.5cm,覆土厚度為0.3—0.5cm,應覆土均勻、不露籽。播種灑水量應達到秧盤底土濕潤、表面無積水、盤底無滴水,播種覆土后能濕透床土。
 
  如采取大田育秧方式,應將已播種的秧盤,移至秧池田,放置在準備好的秧床上;秧盤應盤邊相貼,搭建拱棚,蓋膜保溫,蓋膜后四周用泥土壓實,防止被風吹開,提高保溫效果。
 
  5、秧苗管理
 
  水分管理應實現(xiàn)旱育秧,保持秧板土壤濕潤和供氧充足。如遇低溫冷害,應及時蓋膜,保溫防凍,并灌深水護苗;低溫過后,應逐漸排淺水層,以免造成秧苗生理失水,導致青枯死苗。2葉期后,應以淺灌為主,保持土壤濕潤,不留水層,以水控苗,防止徒長。移栽前5—6天,應控濕煉苗,天晴灌半溝水蹲苗,或放水煉苗,促進秧苗盤根成毯,增加秧塊盤結力,便于卷苗運輸和機插作業(yè)。2葉1心時,每畝施用尿素2kg作為斷奶肥;移栽前3—5天,每畝追施尿素2.5—3kg作“送嫁肥”。
 
  應適時(一般2葉1心開始)揭膜煉壯苗,根據(jù)氣溫變化調(diào)控揭膜通風時間和揭膜程度,一般晴天中午秧廂兩頭揭膜通風換氣,傍晚時蓋好。膜內(nèi)溫度保持在20—30℃為宜,超過 30 ℃時應揭開薄膜兩頭進行通風,控溫不超過35℃,以防止爛秧和燒苗。如遇長期低溫陰雨,應盡量延長蓋膜期,促進秧苗生長。經(jīng)過充分煉苗后,秧齡在2.5—3葉時揭膜,揭膜時間宜選在晴天下午,廂溝內(nèi)先灌水后再揭開兩頭或一側,以防青枯死苗。揭膜后,如遇連續(xù)陰雨天氣或極端低溫惡劣天氣應繼續(xù)蓋膜,每隔3—5天于中午揭開兩頭通風換氣,降低膜內(nèi)濕度,減輕霉菌的發(fā)生。秧苗移栽前3天應揭膜煉苗,提高抗逆能力,以利于栽插后扎根返青。
 
  應加強苗期病蟲害防治,特別是立枯病和惡苗病的防治。移栽前,對秧苗噴施一次對口農(nóng)藥,做到帶藥栽插,以便有效控制大田活棵返青期的病蟲害。秧苗見綠后,應根據(jù)機插秧齡和品種噴施生長調(diào)節(jié)劑控制生長,可根據(jù)不同型號藥劑的產(chǎn)品說明書進行配制和施用,一般采用300ppm多效唑溶液每畝配水30kg均勻噴施。
 
  (三)機插秧
 
  1、秧苗準備
 
  根據(jù)作業(yè)時間和進度,合理安排起秧時間和規(guī)模,做到隨起、隨運、隨插;應盡量減少秧苗擠壓和秧塊搬動,避免運送過程中秧塊變形及秧苗折斷。起秧時,應先拉斷穿過盤底滲水孔的少量根系,連盤帶秧一并提起,再平放,小心卷苗脫盤;宜采用秧苗托盤和運秧架運秧;運至田頭時,應卸下平放,使秧苗自然舒展,并及時采取遮蔭措施,嚴防暴曬,避免秧苗失水枯萎。
 
  2、機械準備
 
  根據(jù)秧盤規(guī)格選擇適宜型式的插秧機。為提高工作效率和栽插質(zhì)量,宜選用高速乘坐式插秧機;如需要提高栽插密度,可選用窄行(25cm)插秧機;為提高肥料利用率,宜選用帶有同步側深施肥功能的插秧機。
 
  插秧作業(yè)前,應提前加注潤滑油,并檢查調(diào)試插秧機,一般空運轉5—10分鐘,確保各部件運轉靈活、無碰撞卡滯現(xiàn)象;應提前調(diào)整栽插株距、取秧量和栽插深度。裝秧苗前,應將秧箱移動到導軌的一端,避免漏插;秧塊應緊貼秧箱,不拱起,兩片秧塊接頭處應對齊無間隙;必要時,應灑水潤滑秧箱面板,使秧塊下滑順暢。
 
  3、機插秧作業(yè)
 
  著力提高栽插質(zhì)量。栽插質(zhì)量達到“淺、勻、直、穩(wěn)”,提高缽苗拋秧精度,實現(xiàn)有序定位定植;提高毯缽苗的移送、切塊精度,減少植傷,爭取早活棵、早返青,促進低位有效分蘗。搶早栽插。早栽有利充分利用溫光資源和促進有效分蘗,爭取多穗、構建大穗,奠定優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)。
 
  根據(jù)水稻品種及栽插季節(jié)確定適宜栽插密度,栽足穴數(shù)。根據(jù)水稻品種及氣候特點,科學匹配行株距,達到適宜基本苗數(shù),確保有效穗數(shù),發(fā)揮移栽稻產(chǎn)量潛力。一般常規(guī)稻株距12—16cm,每穴3—5株,種植密度1.7—2.2萬穴/畝;雜交稻株距14—17cm,每穴2—3株,種植密度1.6—2.0萬穴/畝。為促進低節(jié)位分蘗,宜淺栽。
 
  作業(yè)后,秧苗應栽插均勻,深淺一致,一般漏插率≤5%,傷秧率≤4%,漂秧率≤3%,插秧深度1—3cm。
 
  (四)田間管理
 
  1、施肥管理
 
  根據(jù)水稻目標產(chǎn)量、稻田土壤肥力和品種類型,結合測土配方施肥要求,確定合理氮、磷、鉀配比和精確定量施氮運籌,培育高產(chǎn)群體;宜增施有機肥;一般有機肥和磷肥作為基肥,在整地前可采用機械撒肥機等施肥機具施入,經(jīng)耕(旋)耙施入土中。鉀肥按基肥和穗肥各50%施用;氮肥按基肥50%、分蘗肥30%、穗肥20%比例施用??蛇m當增加磷、鉀肥的用量,以延長葉片功能期,增強光合作用,培育壯稈大穗,獲得高產(chǎn)及超高產(chǎn)。實行秸稈還田的田塊,應在基肥中加施10%氮肥。
 
  不同稻區(qū)水稻高產(chǎn)栽培需肥量(kg/畝)

  2、水分管理
 
  應提前檢修灌溉設施,增加灌溉水源,擴大灌溉面積,推廣節(jié)水灌溉技術,及時澆灌保苗,加強抗旱春管。提倡稻田溝系配套,開好水稻豐產(chǎn)溝。大田間隔3—4m開寬25cm,深15cm豐產(chǎn)溝,同時開好橫溝和圍溝,確保灌排暢通。通過干濕交替,適度擱田,可控制無效分蘗發(fā)生,達到預期穗數(shù);也可有效抑制基部節(jié)間伸長,增強群體抗倒伏能力,利于爭取高產(chǎn)。
 
  宜采用淺濕灌溉方式?;羁梅登嗥谝话惚3?—3cm淺水層;秸稈還田田塊在栽后2個葉齡期內(nèi)應有2—3次露田,以利還田秸稈腐解產(chǎn)生的有害氣體釋放,此后結合施分蘗肥建立2—3cm淺水層。全田莖蘗數(shù)達到預期穗數(shù)80%左右時,采用稻田開溝機開溝,及時排水擱田,通過多次輕擱,使土壤沉實不陷腳,葉片挺起,葉色顯黃。拔節(jié)后,應采用淺水層間歇灌溉方式,促進根系生長,控制基部節(jié)間長度和株高,使株型挺拔、抗倒,改善受光姿態(tài)。開花結實期,應采用淺濕灌溉方式,保持植株較多的活根數(shù)及綠葉數(shù),促進植株活熟到老,提高結實率與粒重。
 
  3、病蟲草害防治
 
  應強化監(jiān)測預警,提前防范重大病蟲害,推行分區(qū)施策、分類指導,落實稻瘟病、紋枯病、白葉枯病以及稻飛虱、粘蟲和稻縱卷葉螟等重點病蟲防控關鍵技術。應根據(jù)不同病蟲草害情況,合理用藥,宜選用高效、低毒(生物)農(nóng)藥及生物、物理防治技術,實施精準施藥,減少污染。應大力開展統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治、群防群治,提高防治效果,遏制重大病蟲暴發(fā)流行危害,實現(xiàn)“蟲口奪糧”。
 
  在機插秧作業(yè)前1周內(nèi),結合整地開展一次性除草劑封閉滅草,施藥后保水3—4天。機插秧作業(yè)后1周內(nèi),應根據(jù)雜草種類結合施肥噴施除草劑,施藥時水層應為3—5cm,保水3—4天;有條件的地區(qū),可在機插秧作業(yè)后2周左右,采用機械中耕除草,除草時水層應為3—5cm。鼓勵使用機械除草技術,減少化學除草劑的施用次數(shù)和施用量,促進稻田生態(tài)環(huán)境保護和土壤改良,構建可持續(xù)高產(chǎn)良田。
 
  根據(jù)經(jīng)營規(guī)模和地塊大小,因地制宜地選用適用的高效植保機械。連片成方的規(guī)模種植,宜選用自走式噴桿噴霧機進行統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治;丘陵山區(qū)及分散小地塊,自走式植保機械下田困難、頻繁調(diào)頭輪轍壓苗,可選用植保無人機或擔架式植保機械。加強病蟲草害監(jiān)測,加強統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治,通過有效防病獲得高產(chǎn)。
 
  二、北方旱作區(qū)春玉米、春大豆播種
 
  東北地區(qū)春玉米、春大豆應重點推廣以秸稈還田覆蓋免耕播種為核心技術的東北黑土地保護性耕作技術,按照“多覆蓋、少動土”的保護性耕作要求,因地制宜選用秸稈大量覆蓋還田免耕播種技術、秸稈大量覆蓋還田歸行免耕播種技術、秸稈大量覆蓋還田條耕播種技術、秸稈部分覆蓋還田免耕播種技術等主推技術模式;圍繞“提質(zhì)量、增單產(chǎn)”的重點任務,鼓勵整合免耕配套滴灌、苗期深松、水肥一體化等新技術措施,優(yōu)化技術路線,開展集成示范。西北地區(qū)春玉米、春大豆應重點推廣起壟覆膜種植技術,對有水澆條件的地塊可采取膜下滴灌、淺埋滴灌等技術。
 
  (一)耕整地
 
  1、秸稈處理
 
  因地制宜采用秸稈粉碎還田、秸稈歸行等秸稈處理方式,提高秸稈還田質(zhì)量,培肥地力、蓄水保墑。對于秸稈覆蓋量大、均勻度差、播種難的地塊,可通過耙、耢或二次粉碎還田等方式進行秸稈處理,使秸稈均勻分布于地表,或使用秸稈歸行機把播種帶秸稈清理到休閑帶,形成寬度為60—90cm的秸稈覆蓋區(qū)域(休閑帶)和40—50cm的無秸稈區(qū)域(播種帶),防止播種機擁堵,提高播種質(zhì)量。對于前茬秸稈量少的地塊,播種前可不進行秸稈處理。西北地區(qū)還應做好殘地膜的回收清理工作。
 
  2、耕整地
 
  東北地區(qū)因地制宜采用免耕、條帶耕作等方式。對于春旱少雨、土壤瘠薄的風沙半干旱區(qū)以及中低產(chǎn)區(qū),鼓勵不動土直接免耕播種。對于春季土壤濕度過大的濕潤區(qū)、黏重土區(qū)、高緯度冷涼地區(qū)、低洼易澇區(qū)及高產(chǎn)區(qū)在播種前在秸稈歸行的基礎上,根據(jù)墑情確定是否進行條耕作業(yè),加快散墑提溫,宜選用具有深松(耕)、碎土、耙地、鎮(zhèn)壓功能的條耕機或條旋機進行條帶耕作,淺旋深度≤10cm,動土率≤50%。大豆播種時對于地表不平整、影響播種質(zhì)量的地塊,結合秸稈處理,可通過耙、礳等措施適度平整土地,動土深度≤8cm。
 
  西北地區(qū)應根據(jù)降雨量需要和墑情,做好秋覆膜或頂凌覆膜。秋季整地質(zhì)量好的地塊或無灌溉條件的旱作地塊,春季盡量不耕翻,直接起壟覆膜,或采取少耕或免耕方式滅茬播種或原壟卡種;秋季整地質(zhì)量差的地塊,覆膜前應淺耕,平整地表,土壤上松下實、耕層綿軟、土地細碎,形成便于機械鋪膜或播種作業(yè)的種床;土壤過濕地塊,適時機械化雪散墑,明水地塊及時排水。覆膜應選用厚度大于0.01mm、符合要求寬度的地膜。推薦采用帶北斗導航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)拖拉機配套起壟覆膜聯(lián)合作業(yè)機作業(yè),保持寬窄行距一致。
 
  (二)播種
 
  1、品種選擇
 
  根據(jù)當?shù)厣a(chǎn)條件、地力基礎和氣候條件,選用經(jīng)國家和省級審定的優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)、抗逆性強、適應性廣、宜機收優(yōu)良品種,應采用種子包衣或藥劑拌種進行病蟲害防治。玉米種子純度不低于97%、凈度不低于99%,發(fā)芽率不低于95%,含水量不高于13%,大豆種子純度不低于98%,凈度不低于99%,發(fā)芽率不低于85%,含水量不高于13%。
 
  2、播種機選擇
 
  播種機應具有破茬開溝、播種、施肥、覆土、鎮(zhèn)壓等功能,要求作業(yè)通過性強、無堵塞、播種質(zhì)量好、能同時深施化肥。東北地區(qū)玉米免耕播種優(yōu)先選用配有撥草裝置、圓盤切草裝置、指夾式或氣力式排種器的牽引式高性能免耕播種機,大豆播種可選擇氣力式免耕精量播種機。西北地區(qū)灌溉條件的地塊可選用具有覆膜鋪管等復式作業(yè)功能的精量播種機,膜上播種可選用電動膜上穴播機,減少地膜損傷。播種正式作業(yè)前應按要求正確調(diào)試播種機,并進行試播,確認調(diào)試到位,播種量、施肥量、播深、肥深、行距、鎮(zhèn)壓力等應符合農(nóng)藝要求。
 
  3、播期選擇
 
  根據(jù)氣溫、土壤墑情、品種特性、栽培方式、管理水平等確定最佳播期。對土壤墑情差或無灌溉條件的地塊,適當深播或深覆土,加重鎮(zhèn)壓;對旱情嚴重地區(qū),宜采取“坐水種”或澆水造墑后播種。若適播期內(nèi)未達到播種條件,及時改種早熟品種,并適當增加種植密度。玉米在5cm—10cm耕層地溫穩(wěn)定在10℃以上適墑播種,秸稈覆蓋免耕播種須較常規(guī)播種時間推遲5d—7d,東北地區(qū)一般在4月中旬—5月中旬,西北地區(qū)一般在4月中下旬。大豆在耕層5厘米的地溫穩(wěn)定超過7℃時適墑播種,東北地區(qū)一般播期為5月上中旬,西北地區(qū)為4月中下旬—5月上旬。
 
  4、精量播種
 
  指夾式播種機作業(yè)速度控制在6—8km/h,氣力式播種機為8—10km/h。玉米播種深度3—5cm,施肥深度8—10cm;大豆播種應播到濕土上,開溝深度5cm,播種深度3—4cm,覆土厚度在3cm左右。作業(yè)質(zhì)量應滿足播種深度合格率≥80%、粒距合格率≥95%、出苗率90%以上。
 
  5、合理密植
 
  根據(jù)品種特性、土壤肥力、管理水平等,確定適宜種植密度,構建合理群體結構。玉米畝播量為2—3kg/畝,畝保苗4000—6000株。一般畝保苗4000株左右,整地播種質(zhì)量高、肥水供應充足、生產(chǎn)條件整體較好,且使用耐密抗倒伏玉米品種地塊,畝保苗密度可增至4500—5000株。大豆一般畝播量為4—6kg,畝保苗15000—22000株。
 
  6、病蟲草害防治
 
  應選用配有霧化程度高、防漂移扇形噴頭的自走式噴桿噴霧機;植保無人機攜藥量小、飄移風險大,對于噴灑化學除草劑適用性不高,在平原地區(qū)作業(yè)優(yōu)勢不明顯,應謹慎選擇。根據(jù)當?shù)夭∠x草害發(fā)生規(guī)律,噴灑化學除草劑或殺蟲劑的措施進行控制。土壤墑情較好且地表秸稈覆蓋量不大的地塊,提倡實施苗前封閉除草;土壤墑情不好且地表秸稈覆蓋量大的地塊,或前期封閉除草效果不好的地塊,應在玉米出苗后3—5葉期、雜草2—4葉期,大豆1—2片復葉期、雜草2—4葉期及時進行苗后除草。
 
  7、苗期深松
 
  必要時,可采用帶有深松施肥功能中耕機在玉米6—7葉期拔節(jié)前后一次性完成苗期深松追肥、培土除草等作業(yè);深松深度在20—25厘米,以土壤不起粘條為標準。秸稈量大或秸稈粉碎效果不好的地塊,中耕機應安裝前置圓盤切刀和后置深松桿齒,降低秸稈拖堆壓苗傷苗現(xiàn)象,同時起到除去壟溝雜草的效果。
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