2020/2021年度長江流域冬油菜春季田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2021-03-03 09:11:53 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部 閱讀量：21759 評論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 2020年秋播期間，長江流域大部分地區(qū)出現(xiàn)長時間連續(xù)降雨、降溫的天氣，導(dǎo)致油菜播期較往年普遍推遲10-15天；播種后因田間漬害重，土壤通透性差，出苗遲緩、質(zhì)量差，幼苗生長緩慢。進(jìn)入11月以后，持續(xù)低溫少雨，尤其是12月底和1月上旬兩次寒潮，使長江中下游油菜受到不同程度的凍害。與往年同期比,當(dāng)前冬油菜苗情總體較弱。據(jù)氣象部門預(yù)測，今年2月全國大部分地區(qū)氣溫接近常年或偏高，春季(3月-5月)全國大部分地區(qū)氣溫較常年同期偏高、降水偏少，長江流域油菜發(fā)生冬春連旱的可能性較大。針對當(dāng)前油菜苗情長勢及春季氣象條件，全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心會同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部油料專家指導(dǎo)組，制定了以“促春發(fā)，重防控”為主的長江流域冬油菜春季田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
　　一是早施苗肥(薹肥)，促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯。以促為主是今年冬油菜春季田間管理的主要策略，也是預(yù)防倒春寒和后期根系早衰及提高角果期抗倒性的重要措施。重點針對去年遲播油菜秋冬發(fā)嚴(yán)重不足、凍害發(fā)生較重的問題，及早追肥，狠抓油菜春發(fā)、促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯。苗肥(薹肥)應(yīng)在1月底至2月上旬及早施用，畝追施尿素5公斤和氮磷鉀(15-15-15)復(fù)合肥5-7.5公斤，均勻混合后施用。高產(chǎn)地區(qū)可適當(dāng)增施苗肥(薹肥)。
 
　　二是清溝排漬，防蟲除草。氣象資料顯示，2月份還會持續(xù)出現(xiàn)陰雨天氣，需盡早清溝理墑，確保“三溝”排水通暢，尤其是低洼田，要求做到雨止田干、溝無積水。如遇春季干旱，有條件的結(jié)合春季施肥適時灌水一次。“旱生蟲，澇生病”。干旱年份蟲害往往較重，可選用高效氯氟氰菊酯、阿維菌素等防治菜青蟲，選用抗蚜威、吡蟲啉等防治蚜蟲。遲播油菜對草害的抑制能力較差，草害偏重，在開春溫度回升后及時噴施選擇性除草劑，或進(jìn)行淺中耕鋤草，抑制雜草生長。
 
　　三是一促四防，防病增產(chǎn)。與往年相比，今年苗情較弱，后期菌核病有加重發(fā)生的可能，要突出抓好初花期“一促四防”工作。在初花期一周內(nèi)結(jié)合防治菌核病，噴施磷酸二氫鉀、硼鉬肥等混配液，促進(jìn)生長結(jié)實，防治菌核病、防花而不實、防后期早衰、防“老鼠尾巴”。有條件的應(yīng)積極推廣無人植保機(jī)或大型機(jī)械噴霧，實行統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治，提高防治效果和作業(yè)效率，降低防治成本。特別是“一菜兩用”種植模式，油菜因摘薹造成的植傷，會加重菌核病侵入發(fā)生，要更加重視菌核病防控。若春季(3月以后)氣溫高，部分地區(qū)油菜可能因生長較快易倒伏，可酌情提前化控防倒。
 
　　四是機(jī)械收獲，提質(zhì)增效。大力推廣油菜機(jī)械化分段收獲，油菜提前騰茬，還可降低收獲損失率，減輕下季油菜田間實生苗危害，減少商品菜籽中的綠籽率，提高油菜籽和菜籽油的品質(zhì)。分段收獲可在全田80%左右油菜植株呈枇杷黃時，采用油菜割曬機(jī)或人工割倒，在田間晾曬5-7天后，用油菜自走式撿拾脫粒機(jī)撿拾脫粒，或人工揀拾后用全喂入式普通稻麥?zhǔn)崭顧C(jī)脫粒。對抗裂莢、抗倒性強(qiáng)、熟期早的品種，也可在全田所有油菜植株全部呈現(xiàn)枯黃狀態(tài)時，采用油菜聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)一次收獲。

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