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保護(hù)黑土地，國(guó)家再出臺(tái)重磅文件，這幾種農(nóng)機(jī)迎來(lái)利好！

2021-08-05 17:18:39 來(lái)源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 閱讀量：53684 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：我國(guó)一直實(shí)施嚴(yán)格的耕地保護(hù)制度，做到“像保護(hù)大熊貓一樣保護(hù)耕地”，而黑土地就是“耕地中的大熊貓”。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 政策導(dǎo)讀】 眾所周知，黑土地是地球上珍貴的土壤資源，是一種性狀好、肥力高、適宜農(nóng)耕的優(yōu)質(zhì)土地。自然黑土是千萬(wàn)年前在砂礫和黏土層上發(fā)育的土壤，在雨熱同季的氣候下，形成了茂密的植被層，經(jīng)過(guò)幾千年的時(shí)間演變，才變成了深厚肥沃的黑土層。北半球擁有三塊著名的黑土地：一塊在美洲——美國(guó)的密西西比河流域；一塊在歐洲——烏克蘭的第聶伯河流域；一塊在亞洲——中國(guó)的東北平原。
 
　　基于肥沃的黑土地，東北產(chǎn)糧區(qū)的年糧食產(chǎn)量占全國(guó)1/4，商品量占全國(guó)的1/4，調(diào)出量占全國(guó)的1/3，是不折不扣的“壓艙石”、“穩(wěn)壓器”。然而，這一珍貴的土壤資源卻正在面臨著退化甚至消失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。自20世紀(jì)開(kāi)墾以來(lái)，東北地區(qū)的黑土層平均厚度由50厘米至60厘米下降到30厘米左右，土壤耕層的有機(jī)質(zhì)含量下降了50%至60%，年均下降速率約為5‰。
 
　　我國(guó)一直實(shí)施嚴(yán)格的耕地保護(hù)制度，做到“像保護(hù)大熊貓一樣保護(hù)耕地”，而黑土地就是“耕地中的大熊貓”。
 
　　雖然近些年來(lái)一系列保護(hù)、治理措施初見(jiàn)成效，但是黑土耕地退化趨勢(shì)尚未得到有效遏制。已經(jīng)實(shí)施綜合性治理措施的黑土耕地面積占比較低，坡耕地水土流失仍較重，耕作層變薄和侵蝕溝問(wèn)題仍然突出，土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量下降趨勢(shì)仍未扭轉(zhuǎn)，局部酸化、鹽漬化問(wèn)題仍然存在。要長(zhǎng)久保護(hù)黑土地，還需要多措并舉，持續(xù)推進(jìn)，久久為功。
 
　　多年來(lái)，國(guó)家出臺(tái)多項(xiàng)制度保護(hù)黑土地。2017 年，原農(nóng)業(yè)部、發(fā)展改革委等 6 部門(mén)印發(fā)了《東北黑土地保護(hù)規(guī)劃綱要(2017—2030 年)》，明確到2030 年在東北典型黑土區(qū)實(shí)施 2.5 億畝黑土耕地保護(hù)任務(wù)。2020 年，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部和財(cái)政部印發(fā)《東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(2020—2025 年)》，明確到 2025年在東北地區(qū)適宜區(qū)域?qū)嵤┮悦飧俑斩捀采w還田為主要內(nèi)容的保護(hù)性耕作 1.4 億畝。
 
　　在此基礎(chǔ)上，今年6月，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、國(guó)家發(fā)展和改革委員會(huì)、財(cái)政部、水利部、科學(xué)技術(shù)部、中國(guó)科學(xué)院、國(guó)家林業(yè)和草原局等7部門(mén)又印發(fā)了《國(guó)家黑土地保護(hù)工程實(shí)施方案 (2021—2025年)》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《方案》)，針對(duì)黑土耕地出現(xiàn)的“薄、瘦、硬”問(wèn)題，著重實(shí)施土壤侵蝕治理，農(nóng)田基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，肥沃耕作層培育等措施。
 
　　《方案》明確，2021—2025 年，實(shí)施黑土耕地保護(hù)利用面積 1 億畝(含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化示范面積 1800 萬(wàn)畝)。其中，建設(shè)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田 5000 萬(wàn)畝、治理侵蝕溝 7000 條，實(shí)施免耕少耕秸稈覆蓋還田、秸稈綜合利用碎混翻壓還田等保護(hù)性耕作5 億畝次(1 億畝耕地每年全覆蓋重疊 1 次)、有機(jī)肥深翻還田 1 億畝。到“十四五”末，黑土地保護(hù)區(qū)耕地質(zhì)量明顯提升，旱地耕作層達(dá)到 30 厘米、水田耕作層達(dá)到 20—25 厘米，土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量平均提高 10%以上，有效遏制黑土耕地“變薄、變瘦、變硬”退化趨勢(shì)，防治水土流失，基本構(gòu)建形成持續(xù)推進(jìn)黑土地保護(hù)利用的長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制。
 
　　《方案》指出，實(shí)施保護(hù)性耕作。優(yōu)化耕作制度，推廣應(yīng)用少耕免耕秸稈覆蓋還田、秸稈碎混翻壓還田等不同方式的保護(hù)性耕作。在適宜地區(qū)重點(diǎn)推廣免耕和少耕秸稈覆蓋還田技術(shù)類(lèi)型的“梨樹(shù)模式”，增加秸稈覆蓋還田比例。其余地區(qū)，改春整地為秋整地，旱地采取在秋季收獲后實(shí)施秸稈機(jī)械粉碎翻壓或碎混還田。
 

 

　　實(shí)施有機(jī)肥還田。秋季根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)赝寥阑A(chǔ)條件和降雨量特點(diǎn)，推行深松(深耕)整地，以漸進(jìn)打破犁底層為原則，疏松深層土壤。利用大中型動(dòng)力機(jī)械，結(jié)合秸稈粉碎還田、有機(jī)肥拋撒，開(kāi)展深翻整地。在糞肥豐富的地區(qū)建設(shè)糞污貯存發(fā)酵堆漚設(shè)施，以畜禽糞便為主要原料堆漚有機(jī)肥并施用。
 
　　結(jié)語(yǔ)：可以看出，免耕播種、深松整地、秸稈粉碎還田、有機(jī)肥拋撒、畜禽糞污處理處理等相關(guān)農(nóng)機(jī)裝備是黑土地保護(hù)中的主要機(jī)械，這幾類(lèi)農(nóng)機(jī)將迎來(lái)重要發(fā)展機(jī)遇。

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