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強降雨災后漁業(yè)恢復生產(chǎn)技術措施——汛期水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖防災減災技術指引

2024-08-28 10:01:09 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部 閱讀量：12683 評論

導讀：汛期強降雨往往伴隨大風，直接造成池塘水位急劇上升，溢塘風險加大，同時將帶來水溫下降、pH驟降、溶氧下降、鹽度下降、養(yǎng)殖動物產(chǎn)生應激反應等問題。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】　汛期強降雨往往伴隨大風，直接造成池塘水位急劇上升，溢塘風險加大，同時將帶來水溫下降、pH驟降、溶氧下降、鹽度下降、養(yǎng)殖動物產(chǎn)生應激反應等問題。如不及時處理，可能會造成池塘圍欄設施、池埂損壞甚至坍塌，建議采取以下措施減緩相關影響。
 
　　一、及時采取預防措施
 
　　池塘和水庫養(yǎng)殖要注意天氣和水位變化，必要時采取加高堤壩等措施，防止因洪水漫堤造成損失或池外水的流入；網(wǎng)箱養(yǎng)殖要注意預防洪水沖擊造成網(wǎng)箱被沖走、沖垮，可采取加固固定繩索和網(wǎng)箱框架等措施，及時清理浮游生物。開展搶險救災時，特別要注意人身安全，生產(chǎn)人員要配備救生設施，生產(chǎn)過程中不可進行危險操作，遇到危險情況要及時撤離。漲水時要及時將網(wǎng)箱拉到水質(zhì)好、避風浪、遠離泄洪道的地方；退水時要及時將網(wǎng)箱移離岸邊，防止擱淺；盡可能在泄洪道采取防護措施，如設置攔網(wǎng)等。
 
　　二、海水養(yǎng)殖池塘及時排淡，防止雨水倒灌
 
　　一是降雨前先將原池水排掉約1/3后立即加到最高水位；二是檢查池塘周圍是否有陸地雨水進入池塘的通道，防止大量雨水進入池塘；三是強降雨時及時打開上層排淡閘板和排淡管道，將表層低鹽度水從上部溢出，保證池水上下層鹽度基本一致，防止因上下層水比重不同造成的池水分層，使上層富氧水不能通過垂直對流傳到底層，導致池底缺氧及氨氮、硫化氫、亞硝酸鹽等有害物質(zhì)含量增加。
 
　　三、及時增氧
 
　　正常情況下通過日常換水的方法可基本保證養(yǎng)殖水體溶氧量，但汛期建議采取以下增氧措施。
 
　　1. 機械增氧。有增氧機和微孔增氧設備要及時開機增氧。開機時間一般選在夜間或凌晨，該時段是一天中氣溫最低的時間，此時開機除起增氧作用外，還可降低水溫。另外，可加大池水上下層交換力度，防止池水分層。
 
　　2. 化學增氧。嚴重缺氧時還可投化學增氧劑救急。
 
　　3. 人工增氧。無機械增氧設備的也可人工搖小舢板船攪動池水，盡量使池水充分活動起來。池水溶解氧要保持在5毫克/升以上，即使在強降雨后的短時間內(nèi)底層水溶解氧也不能低于3毫克/升。
 
　　四、及時修復養(yǎng)殖設施
 
　　對于損失輕微的水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖區(qū)，要對養(yǎng)殖設施、池塘堤壩、稻田養(yǎng)殖田埂等進行全面加固修復；對被淹沒的池塘及稻田養(yǎng)殖區(qū)，水位一旦回落，要抓緊搶修養(yǎng)殖設施，為補放苗種做準備。對生產(chǎn)設施毀壞嚴重的養(yǎng)殖水體，首先判斷養(yǎng)殖水體剩余水產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量，然后采取相應措施防止剩余養(yǎng)殖水產(chǎn)品的逃逸(如用2～3層攔網(wǎng)攔住養(yǎng)殖設施被毀壞的地方)，洪水徹底退去后再進一步修復。對無法修復的要進行捕撈，達到上市規(guī)格的水產(chǎn)品及時上市銷售，不夠上市規(guī)格的轉(zhuǎn)移到安全池塘或網(wǎng)箱中暫養(yǎng)，等水位回落后放養(yǎng)，減少受災損失。對于池塘精養(yǎng)區(qū)，要及時整修進排水系統(tǒng)。與外河水位差較高的池塘，應回水減少水位差，防止逃魚；其次要及時檢查修補進排水口，防止?jié)B漏，以防養(yǎng)殖品種再次逃逸。
 
　　五、適時補放水產(chǎn)苗種
 
　　認真做好受災漁業(yè)水域剩余養(yǎng)殖品種調(diào)查，科學評估災后養(yǎng)殖水域內(nèi)現(xiàn)存養(yǎng)殖品種的數(shù)量，以便做好消毒免疫、苗種補放和后期的飼養(yǎng)管理。一般可采用拉網(wǎng)檢查，或根據(jù)養(yǎng)殖品種對草料、飼料攝食量，估算養(yǎng)殖水域剩余水產(chǎn)品數(shù)量。對于養(yǎng)殖量的估算，可根據(jù)攝食情況來估算存塘量；每次投飼后2小時檢查攝食情況，以基本吃完、略有剩余為宜，再根據(jù)投喂量的3～4%，推算出存塘量。苗種補放根據(jù)當?shù)仞B(yǎng)殖習慣及苗種存量的實際情況靈活選擇品種，可以通過回捕、調(diào)劑、秋季繁殖等方式解決苗種問題。在苗種補放過程中，一定要注意水產(chǎn)品苗種的質(zhì)量問題，杜絕購進病苗、傷苗、弱質(zhì)苗、假苗，最好由當?shù)貪O業(yè)推廣部門的技術人員把好苗種的種質(zhì)關和補放技術關，以免造成二次損失。
 
　　六、防止疫病發(fā)生
 
　　及時打撈死魚，迅速進行無害化處理，切忌將死魚隨便亂扔。無害化處理措施包括：深埋、焚燒等，其中以生石灰消毒處理后再深埋1米以上較為常用，具體可參見行業(yè)標準《病死水生動物及病害水生動物產(chǎn)品無害化處理規(guī)程》(SC/T 7015-2022)。強化漁業(yè)公共衛(wèi)生與健康管理的意識，堅持對打撈死魚的工具、器皿、人員進行消毒處理，防止疫病發(fā)生。堅持早晚巡塘，觀察水質(zhì)變化及養(yǎng)殖對象有無浮頭、發(fā)病等現(xiàn)象，及時處理發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題。同時，因強降雨后的養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境突變，易造成養(yǎng)殖對象產(chǎn)生應激反應，抗病能力降低，要做好科學投飼，提高魚體免疫力。此外，要加大水生動植物疾病測報和水生動物疫病監(jiān)測力度，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)疫情，應通過規(guī)定程序及時上報，做好應急處置。此外，要提前開展物資儲備，做好養(yǎng)殖設施和房屋加固，避免突發(fā)災害危及人身和財產(chǎn)安全。
 
　　來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部

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