小麥控旺抗旱防凍保安全越冬技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2025-01-31 09:44:33 來源：全國農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量：12145 評論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 “大寒”已至，冬小麥全面進(jìn)入越冬期。近期，全國氣溫持續(xù)偏高，部分地區(qū)小麥旺長趨勢進(jìn)一步加劇。氣象部門統(tǒng)計(jì)，2024年11—12月，全國平均氣溫較常年偏高0.9℃，主產(chǎn)區(qū)小麥越冬期普遍推遲5—7天。氣象部門預(yù)測，未來一段時間，全國大部分地區(qū)氣溫偏高仍將持續(xù)，局部地區(qū)日最高氣溫將比常年同期偏高10℃以上，加之主產(chǎn)區(qū)近期無有效降水降雪，部分麥區(qū)土壤墑情不足、旱情已有所抬頭，旱寒疊加風(fēng)險持續(xù)加大。針對當(dāng)前氣象條件和生產(chǎn)實(shí)際，各地要緊盯農(nóng)時、緊扣環(huán)節(jié)、緊抓措施，圍繞控旺促弱、抗旱防凍、防控病蟲，立足冬季早抓早管、促進(jìn)苗情轉(zhuǎn)化，全力搭好豐收苗架。
 
　　控制旺長培育壯苗
 
　　部分播期偏早、播量偏大的旺長麥田，如遇冬季氣溫持續(xù)偏高，可能造成生育進(jìn)程提前，加大凍害風(fēng)險。一要機(jī)械鎮(zhèn)壓。堅(jiān)持“壓干不壓濕、壓軟不壓硬、壓輕不壓重”原則，趁當(dāng)前土壤尚未封凍的有利時機(jī)，因苗因地因墑開展機(jī)械鎮(zhèn)壓。對旺長趨勢明顯的麥田，及時組織機(jī)械重壓，控地上分蘗、促地下長根、保穩(wěn)健生長；對土壤過濕地塊，不宜進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)壓；對晚播弱苗注意輕壓，避免出現(xiàn)機(jī)械損傷。二要及時化控。對群體偏大、有旺長趨勢麥田，可在日均溫8℃以上時葉面噴施生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，抑制地上部分生長，噴施要均勻適量，避免重復(fù)噴施。對群體偏大、葉片過長但個體瘦弱的“假旺苗”，或有缺肥癥狀的麥田，不宜化控，可噴施磷酸二氫鉀等生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，促根健苗、增強(qiáng)抗性。三要適時劃鋤。對苗齡過大、群體過旺的麥田，可采用中耕劃鋤，在小麥行間深鋤5—7厘米，切斷部分根系，控制養(yǎng)分吸收和地上部分生長，減少分蘗，培育壯苗。
 
　　肥水調(diào)控促弱穩(wěn)壯
 
　　根據(jù)土壤墑情和小麥苗情抓好肥水管理，培育壯苗、促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯、控旺保穩(wěn)，確保小麥安全越冬。對土壤墑情較差、有旱象苗頭的麥田，要及時澆水適量施肥，促進(jìn)健壯生長。對墑情適宜、長勢正常的壯苗，當(dāng)前可不進(jìn)行肥水管理。對施肥不足、群體偏小、長勢較差的弱苗，要趁雨或趁墑追施速效氮肥，促進(jìn)苗情轉(zhuǎn)化。對秸稈還田量大、土壤懸空不實(shí)的麥田，要適時澆水、踏實(shí)土壤，促進(jìn)根系下扎，提高植株抗逆能力。對稻茬小麥，要重點(diǎn)做好內(nèi)外“三溝”配套，及時清溝理墑，確保溝系暢通，預(yù)防漬害發(fā)生，也有利于必要時溝灌洇水。
 
　　適時冬灌抗旱防凍
 
　　因時因地因苗抓好冬灌，既可改善土壤墑情、促進(jìn)生根分蘗，又可緩沖降溫影響、降低冬季凍害風(fēng)險。要搶抓合適時期，避免因冬灌過早提前蒸發(fā)無法增墑防凍，或因冬灌過晚土壤凍結(jié)水分無法下滲，造成麥苗受凍或窒息死亡。對土壤相對含水量低于70%的麥田，應(yīng)在日均溫3℃左右夜凍晝消時澆越冬水；對冬前土壤墑情較好的旺苗麥田，可適當(dāng)推遲冬灌或不冬灌。冬灌應(yīng)采用“小白龍”、微灌、噴灌等灌溉措施，灌后及時劃鋤松土，一般畝澆水量不超過40立方米，切忌大水漫灌。對單根獨(dú)苗的晚播弱苗可不進(jìn)行冬灌，避免降低地溫，影響苗情轉(zhuǎn)化，但若出苗不足，可適量灌水促足苗。
 
　　壓低基數(shù)防治病蟲草害
 
　　加強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測，適時開展藥劑防控和綠色防控，盡量壓低病蟲草害越冬基數(shù)。對于小麥病害，西北菌源區(qū)和西南冬繁區(qū)是條銹病防治重點(diǎn)地區(qū)，要堅(jiān)持“帶藥偵查、發(fā)現(xiàn)一點(diǎn)、控制一片”，減少發(fā)病中心、控制發(fā)生蔓延；紋枯病病菌在溫濕度適宜環(huán)境下傳播速度快，務(wù)必及時防治，控制病菌蔓延。對于小麥蟲害，要密切監(jiān)測地下害蟲、麥蜘蛛、蚜蟲等發(fā)生動態(tài)，一旦達(dá)到防治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，及時開展綜合防治。對于麥田雜草，要根據(jù)草相和氣溫變化，選擇對路藥劑，在均溫5℃以上、無霜凍降雨的晴好天氣開展化學(xué)除草，防止出現(xiàn)凍藥害。
 
　　來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部小麥專家指導(dǎo)組、全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心

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